سیستم های مقیاس نانو برای تحویل داروهای محلی
Abstract
Introduction
Local administration of nanoparticles for local effect
Systemic administration for local effect
Perspectives and challenges of nanoscale DDSs for local delivery
References
Abstract
Many diseases and conditions affect a relatively localized area of the body. They can be treated either by direct deposition of drug in the target area, or by giving the drug systemically. Here we review nanoparticle-based approaches to achieving both. We highlight advantages and disadvantages that nanoscale solutions have for locally administered therapies, with emphasis on the former. We discuss strategies to enable systemically delivered nanoparticles to deliver their payloads to specific locations in the body, including triggering (local and remote) and targeting.
Introduction
Drug delivery technologies can be categorized according to the method of administration (i.e. how they are introduced into the body) and the intended site of action. [1] Both of these can be local or systemic (Fig. 1).[1–4] This review addresses the use of nanoparticles for local effect, administered either locally or systemically. Please note that administration is not the same as delivery; the former denotes how an agent is introduced into the body, the latter can also relate to where in the body the agent ends up. As we will see, a systemically-administered targeted nanoparticle can deliver drugs to a given site in the body, where the drug will have localized effect. Systemic effect is usually achieved after intravenous or oral administration of drugs: the drug is distributed throughout the body, even if the target is a relatively small part of the body. For example, one might take acetaminophen by mouth for a headache, or amoxicillin by mouth for middle ear infections, or intravenous propranolol for an abnormal cardiac rhythm. In all those cases, the drug is distributed throughout the body in order to achieve a therapeutic concentration at the intended target site.