پذیرش اجتماعی انرژی زمین گرمایی
Abstract
۱٫ Introduction
۲٫ Literature review
۳٫ Methodology
۴٫ Results
۵٫ Discussion
۶٫ Conclusion
Declaration of Competing Interest
Acknowledgements
References
Abstract
The Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Complex was one of the first two geothermal projects for exploration and development in the Philippines. The study aims to identify critical issues and supporting factors for geothermal energy projects in the Philippines by collecting and analyzing qualitative and quantitative data from various stakeholders of the Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Complex. The case study reveals that stakeholders of barangays with geothermal facilities were agreeable to geothermal energy. Frequent periodic and strategic public engagement initiated by geothermal resource developers and local government can develop trust and improve integration of geothermal energy with the local communities.
Introduction
Electricity is an essential component of day-to-day living as well as an indispensable resource which strongly correlates to economic development (Ferguson et al., 2000). To contribute in solving the universal problem of increasing demand for electricity and decarbonizing energy supply, renewable energy resources are being promoted by several international agencies and organizations such as United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (United Nations, 2015). This stresses further the necessity to tackle sustainability issues of renewable energy resources from their production, transmission and utilization. Energy transition and renewable energy technologies, either in the planning stage or development stage, have faced opposition and have raised complex issues for stakeholders such as policy-makers, geothermal resource developers, and local communities (Pellizzone et al., 2017). The Philippines, as one of the world’s top producers of geothermal energy, has an installed capacity of 1944 MW (Department of Energy, 2018). The exploration projects on geothermal energy for electricity started in 1962 and its development was accelerated in the 1970s due to the worldwide oil crisis (Ratio et al., 2019). The privatization of state-owned power generation assets started in the 2000s with the passing of a law to deregulate the industry to break state monopoly (Ratio et al., 2019). Geothermal energy development goes beyond technical issues and requires perspective under the critical lens of social science studies. Various social dimensions of technology such as economic, political, financial, and public engagement have been identified in case studies from a number of countries with potential for large-scale geothermal power generation (Carr-Cornish and Romanach, 2012; Ehara, 2009; Erdogdu, 2009; Hall et al., 2013; Kelly, 2011; Mariita, 2002; National Power Corporation—Philippine Geothermal, Inc., 1998; Noorollahi et al., 2009; Phillips, 2010; Purkus and Barth, 2011; Taleb, 2009).