طراحی شبکه لجستیک معکوس زباله های الکترونیکی
Abstract
1- Introduction
2- Literature review
3- Problem Description and Assumptions
4- Formulation of a mathematical model
5- Solution methodology
6- Results and Discussion
7- Conclusion
Appendix A.
References
Abstract
Enhancing social and economic effects along with reducing environmental effect has gained significant consideration in reverse logistics network design. Electronic waste management raises serious concerns due to its increasing quantity and hazardous nature in global business. The developed model is a multi-objective reverse logistics network for electronic waste management, and the concept of the triple bottom line approach has been considered in the proposed study. The suggested study makes a trade-off between conflicting objectives. The research considers first customers, collection centers, distribution centers, second customers and reprocessing centers consisting of return evaluation centers, recycling centers and refurbishing centers. The carbon cap-and-trade policy has also been incorporated into the model. The objective of the formulated model is to maximize the profit and minimize the carbon emissions as well as maximizing the job opportunities in a reverse logistics network. To deal with the uncertainty, neutrosophic optimization has been applied to avoid unrealistic modeling. A related numerical example has been performed and the results show that the transportation cost contributes to the major fraction of the total cost. The reprocessing at the return evaluation and recycling centers are the main source of carbon emissions. Sensitivity analysis has also been conducted to assess the application of the proposed model. It shows that a drastic increase of 42.6% occurs in profit value when the per-unit carbon trading price is increased by 40% and vice-versa. Also, a variation is seen in the parameters like carbon emission at recycling centers with a change in total emissions value and the average number of units processed by one worker at return evaluation center with a variation in the number of job creation value.
Introduction
The conservation of resources needs to be considered in terms of end-of-life electrical products, electricity usage, technology usage, labor utilization, emission of carbon dioxide and increased electrical waste. The need for resource conservation in electrical products can be justified by the increasing levels of global climatic changes, e-waste and carbon emissions. World Meteorological Organization reported that 2015-2019 has been the warmest period with an increased global climate change of 0.2% as compared to the climate change in 2011-2015 (WMO, 2019). One of the reasons behind this change was the 20% increase in the level of carbon emissions globally, which will eventually become 410 ppm of carbon emissions at the end of 2019. However, emissions of carbon from transportation constitute around 25% of total carbon emissions. Similarly, the increase in e-waste rationalizes the importance of the reuse and recovery of the electrical products, for not only conservation purposes but also for creating a costsaving option for the industry. Besides reuse and recovery operations, the recycling of electrical products is also important as the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Ordinance for waste management of electrical products and electronic equipment, specifies that at least 75% of the electrical products need to be recycled to conserve the resources and to reduce the e-waste (Laner and Rechberger, 2007). It was estimated that throughout the world, around 50 million tons of electrical waste is disposedoff each year and only 20% of this waste from electrical products is recycled each year (Baldé et al., 2017). Resource conservation also incorporates how the greenhouse emissions of carbon dioxide and other pollutants should be reduced. The increase in e-waste has also shifted the interest of researchers toward reducing carbon usage and emissions which could help in reducing global warming (Xiao et al., 2019). Emissions of carbon from transportation constitute around 25% of total carbon dioxide emissions (Nanaki and Koroneos, 2016). When considering the need for reuse, recovery, and recycling operations, the social perspective must be considered as well, in terms of job creation. However, globally the rate of unemployment was 5% which can be decreased in the future due to a rise in the number of jobs created worldwide (Kühn, 2019). This shows that an increase in the implementation of reuse, recycling and recovery operations will not only improve resource conservation but will also lead to an increase in job creation and a decrease in the unemployment rate, globally.