دانلود مقاله تاثیر عزت نفس بر شیوع همه گیری
خلاصه
1. معرفی
2. پس زمینه
3. فرضیه های تحقیق، استراتژی تجربی و داده ها
4. نتایج و استحکام
5. نتیجه گیری ها
بیانیه نویسنده اعتبار
پیوست BS داده های تکمیلی
ضمیمه الف. فهرست کشورهایی که در تحلیل گنجانده شده اند
در دسترس بودن داده ها
منابع
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Research hypotheses, empirical strategy and data
4. Results and robustness
5. Conclusions
Credit author statement
Appendix BSupplementary data
Appendix A. List of countries included in the analysis
Data availability
References
چکیده
تحقیقات موجود در مورد کووید-19 نشان می‌دهد که بسیاری از عوامل تعیین‌کننده اجتماعی-اقتصادی، با تأثیرگذاری بر رفتار شخصی، بر تکامل همه‌گیری تأثیر گذاشته‌اند. در این مقاله به بررسی نقش متوسط سطح عزت نفس در جامعه در این زمینه می پردازیم. دلایلی برای این باور وجود دارد که هم سطح پایین و هم سطح بسیار زیاد عزت نفس ممکن است به دلایل متضاد بر شیوع کووید-19 تأثیر بگذارد. از یک طرف، افراد با عزت نفس پایین ممکن است به اندازه کافی نگران رفتاری که مقامات توصیه شده (و تجویز شده از طریق مداخلات غیردارویی) داشته باشند، نباشند. از سوی دیگر، افرادی که عزت نفس بسیار بالایی دارند، ممکن است بیش از حد اعتماد به نفس داشته باشند و از پیروی از نسخه‌ها شکست بخورند و معتقد باشند که به آنها نیاز ندارند. در این مطالعه ما این فرضیه را با استفاده از یک تحلیل کمی بین کشوری با استفاده از یک مدل ترکیبی و مقیاس عزت نفس روزنبرگ آزمایش می‌کنیم. نتایج ما حاکی از وجود یک رابطه U شکل بین روند کووید-19 و میانگین سطوح عزت نفس در یک کشور است.
Abstract
Extant research on COVID-19 suggests that many socio-economic determinants, by affecting personal behavior, have influenced the evolution of the pandemic. In this paper we study the role played in this regard by average levels of self-esteem in the public. There are reasons to believe that both low and very levels of self-esteem may have an effect on the spread of COVID-19, for opposite reasons. On the one hand, people with low self-esteem may not worry enough to behave in the way recommended (and prescribed, through non-pharmaceutical interventions) by the authorities; people with very high self-esteem, on the other hand, may be over-confident and fail to follow the prescriptions, believing that they do not need them. In this study we test this hypothesis by means of a quantitative cross-country analysis, using a hybrid model and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Our results suggest the existence of a U-shaped relationship between the trend of COVID-19 and average levels of self-esteem in a country.
Introduction
Self-esteem is a long-standing concept in the field of psychology (Rosenberg et al., 1995). Most of the extant research deals with the concept of global self-esteem, which is typically defined as one's overall sense of worthiness as a person (Baumeister et al., 1993; Branden, 1994; Rosenberg, 1979), or, in more technical language, as the individual's positive or negative attitude toward the self as a totality (Rosenberg et al., 1995).
Self-esteem is associated in the literature with various outcomes, which may be psychological, social and economic. As a consequence, given the vastness of the research on the subject, its definition is operationalized in different ways according to the specific domain it refers to. From the perspective of economics (and, more broadly, of the social sciences), self-esteem is typically considered as confidence in one's skills or abilities (Chatterjee et al., 2008; Drago, 2011; Kőszegi et al., 2022).
While the concept is of course a (very) complex one, and its definition may be given many shades and distinctions, it is also possible to simplify the framework by dichotomizing the determinant of these outcomes with two principal categories: high self-esteem and low self-esteem (Coopersmith, 1959). While high self-esteem is characterized by strong confidence and belief in oneself, and high satisfaction with oneself (Baumeister and Vohs, 2018), low self-esteem is on the contrary characterized by lack of confidence and the tendency to feel badly about oneself (Bajaj et al., 2016).
Conclusions
While the role played by self-esteem in social outcomes has been studied for decades, surprisingly the potential negative effect of high levels of self-esteem within a country has remained a less explored topic. Nonetheless, the spread of the COVID pandemic, and the subsequent implementation of NPIs and lockdowns, has raised serious psychological concerns in the public, thus giving individual psychological traits a more important role, even in a public health context, when it comes to explaining the individual choice of whether or not to comply with anti-COVID regulations.
To summarize our contribution, the present study has found a correlation between international differences in self-esteem among countries and the spread of COVID-19, taking into account the main variables that play a role in this relationship. Potentially, this mechanism has an impact through the public's varying compliance with the NPI policies that are enforced, thus altering their effectiveness. Furthermore, and possibly more importantly, our framework has allowed us to explore the relationship between high levels of self-esteem, or “egotism”, as defined by Baumeister et al., 1993, Baumeister et al., 1996, and the effect this has had on the spread of the pandemic.