مقاله انگلیسی اثرات امواج گرما بر گرمایش شهری در مورفولوژی های مختلف شهری
Highlights
Abstract
Keywords
1. Introduction
2. Methodologies
3. Results and discussion
4. Conclusion
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Declaration of competing interest
Acknowledgements
References
Abstract
Heat wave (HW) periods, which are characterized by unusual high temperatures and heat stress, are known as one of the global issues that negatively affect the land and atmosphere, especially in urban areas. Higher urbanization rates in cities may result in high temperature warming, which is known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI). Recently, researchers have revealed pronounced effects based on HW and UHI interactions; however, studies that linked their effects with surface energy fluxes in different urban landscape and climate are still inadequate. This study utilized the Community Land Model (CLM) to assess the effect of HW towards UHI, while considering energy fluxes variations in Seoul, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, and Melbourne, with different climate influences and urban morphologies. Generally, Seoul and Tokyo showed intense HW magnitude from 2000 to 2018 based on the HW indices. The surface energy flux components demonstrated a distinct pattern especially from 11:00 to 17:00, with the exception of sensible heat in Melbourne. Further energy-flux partitioning revealed that changes in the heat storage ratio were most significant in Seoul, with 1.39 partitioning due to its larger impervious area. A smaller height-to-width (H/W) canyon ratio of open mid-rise building has enhanced urban warming in Melbourne, whereas smaller impervious and larger pervious road fraction could mitigate urban warming effects in Kuala Lumpur. Seoul showed the highest changes in daytime UHI under HW at 2.01 °C, due to the low convection efficiency in compact high-rise building, while nighttime UHI was highly influenced by heat storage and anthropogenic heat release.
1. Introduction
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, global warming will increase temperature extremes in the 21st century [1]. Among the most crucial global warming effects, heat waves (HWs) is known as one of the main phenomena from the global climate change, correlated with the intense heat-stress warming [2]. HWs can be defined as prolonged periods of heat events associated with an increase in intensity, frequency, and the duration of severe temperature [3,4]. The extreme heat episodes of HWs could also posed risks and negatively affect the environment, socioeconomic systems, and human health [5, 6]. In recent decades, HWs caused approximately 4867 heat-related deaths during the 2003 European HWs, and severe numbers of HWs-mortality in the United States, and South Korea between 2009 and 2012 [7–9]. Additionally, studies have also shown that the HWs have affected the agricultural sector during Australian’s ‘angry summer’ from 2012 to 2013, and altered the carbon cycle and crop yield production in the southern China [10,11].