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Abstract
1- Introduction
2- Problem formulation
3- Solution methodology
4- Results
5- Conclusion
References
Abstract
Natural disasters such as hurricanes damage power distribution systems by low probability- high impact events. Other infrastructures such as water networks will be disrupted due to their dependency on the power network. In this situation, a city or region experiences critical conditions. In this paper, a new resilience index based on social welfare concept is presented to decrease unserved loads, restore the distribution system rapidly and decrease the dependency of water network operation to power network failures. The new resilience index is optimized with effective strategies including: upgrading distribution poles, DG placement with different capacities and distribution system automation. The problem is formulated as a stochastic two-stage optimization. The first-stage decisions are the number of each resilience improvement strategy limited to a predetermined budget. Genetic algorithm is applied to solve the first stage. The objective of the second stage is maximizing the social welfare which is solved by an innovative approach. Numerical simulations are performed on the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution system and designed water network related to it. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Introduction
Human life strongly depends on electricity. This dependency will increase during and after natural disasters. Therefore, a few minutes outage in a power systems can cause the worse events. Over the past 20 years, the number of occurrence of natural disasters’ has increased. Natural disasters impose heavy costs in different parts of the society. Between 2008 and 2012 in the US, the annual damage cost of power outages due to bad weather conditions was between $25 billion to $70 billion. The lost economic cost of the US only from Hurricane Sandy was $14- $26 billion. The 2011 flood damage costs in Thailand were $285 million in the power sector and $180 million to recover and reconstruct the network [1]. Other infrastructures such as water and telecommunication depend on electricity and power network outages can disrupt their operation. Several natural disasters that have occurred prove this. The loss of water supply in New York City was due to Hurricane Sandy in 2012 [2]. Many telecommunication site outages in Maule and Tohoku were due to earthquakes in 2010 and 2012, respectively [3]. There is not a universal definition for resilience. One of the comprehensive definitions is according to the National Academy of Science. Resilience is “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events” [4]. A system is absorptive if with minimal effort, it can automatically absorb the effects of bad events and minimize the consequences. Recoverability is property of a system that refers to reaction and recovering of the system in minimum time. The adaptive capacity is the ability of the system to organize its components in a targeted manner and without the aid of external factors [5].