ساختمانهای انرژی صفر خالص با بازتاب هایی در زمینه استرالیایی
Abstract
1- Introduction
2- Existing definitions of NZEBs and other related terms
3- The NZEB concept
4- Design strategy
5- Case studies
6- Case studies of existing buildings working towards a NZE status
7- Human-building interaction
8- Notable national and international policy support for promoting NZEBs
9- Discussion
10- Conclusions
References
Abstract
A Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) is a term, subject to ambiguity, that could be used to describe a building with characteristics such as equal energy generation to usage, significantly reduced energy demands, energy costs equalling zero or net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Despite lacking an authoritative definition of NZEBs, this relatively new emerging concept in Australia provides significant opportunities to reduce GHG emissions, energy usage and operational energy costs for buildings owners. This paper aims to explore the existing NZEB models, assess the progression of NZEB literature, identify key policies encouraging NZEB development and recognise potential areas of NZEB research.
Introduction
The building sector is experiencing significant challenges inrelation to the consumption of energy, climate change and energy poverty issues [1]. Additionally, the long-term trend of increasing energy prices has led to the emerging market of renewable energy and led to decreasing costs of renewable energy technologies such as solar PVs [2]. This has pushed the boundaries for new developments in the built environment. One such development would be to design more sustainable residential and commercial buildings and retrofit the existing building stock to achieve energy neutrality or a Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) status. A sustainable building may be defined as a building that maintains structural integrity, considers thehealth, safety, andcomfort ofusers,includes efficiency measures and considers environmental impacts [3] in another word “maximum energy gains and efficiency, minimizing loss” [4]. There are many examples of both commercial and residential buildings with zero energy status around the world however in Australia NZEBs are still uncommon, likely due to the anonymity of the concept to a mainstream audience. A Net Zero Energy Building is a term, subject to ambiguity, which could be used to describe a building with characteristics such as equal energy generation to usage, significantly reduced energy demands, energy costs equalling zero or net zero GHG emissions. Since 2006, different terms have been adopted to name different building concepts such as; (net) zero (source/site) energy building [5], zero energy costs building [5], zero energy emissions building [5], nearly zero energy building [6], zero emission building [7], zero carbon building [8], net-zero exergy building [9]. Specifically, an International Energy Agency (IEA) Joint Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC) report[10] addressed the NZEB issue, and its “Subtask A” was specifically dedicated to provide a definition framework. The fact sheet developed by Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE) [11] summarises the current status (as of April 2015) of different approaches and indicators used across Europe (member states and Norway) for the nZEB definition of new and existing buildings. The time frameusedtomeasure this energyneutrality isnot well defined in the literature. However, the vast majority of the studies discuss NZEBs that met their goal on an annual basis Carrilho da Grac¸ a et al. [12]. Sartori et al. [13] and Voss et al. [14] were among the first to discuss the implication of shorter balancing periods.