دیوارهای سنگی چوبی چند لایه متقاطع
1. Introduction
2. Background and literature review
3. Experimental test summary
4. High-order model
5. Reduced-order model
6. Coupled wall model
7. Parametric study
8. Summary and conclusions
References
Introduction
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has migrated from its European origins in the early 1990’s to North America and is gaining interest as an alternative to typical building materials, such as steel and concrete, in low- to mid-rise buildings. CLT is a mass timber product that is produced by laminating layers of precisely dimensioned lumber in perpendicular orientations to form a panel that may be used in floors or walls. Relative to glued-laminated timber (GLT), where all boards are oriented in the same direction, CLT offers the benefit of improved twoway strength and dimensional stability from shrinking and swelling [1]. CLT has significant environmental benefits over concrete and steel in terms of carbon emissions and forestry health [2]. CLT also has good fire resistance with the use of appropriate adhesives [3]. Some of the first CLT buildings in the U.S., such as Peavy Hall at Oregon State University, are in locations with high seismic demand. The seismic force resisting system in this building consisted of CLT rocking walls coupled by energy dissipation devices. However, this system is not classified as a standard seismic force resisting system in U.S. building codes. FEMA P-695 [4], a code prequalifying procedure, requires extensive numerical modeling to demonstrate system performance and reliability, which is impractical for typical project timelines. Engineers can alternatively use performance-based seismic design to obtain jurisdiction approval, which similarly requires numerical modeling, but the number of analyses required is reduced when compared to the FEMA procedure. Practical modeling techniques for CLT rocking walls are needed to conduct nonlinear time-history analyses required for performancebased seismic design, and these models could be an option for use with future code-based design. Despite this need, there is currently a lack of research on practical nonlinear modeling of CLT rocking walls. This paper presents the development and validation of two modeling methods. One method utilizes a high-order approach that allows detailed assessment of local stress and crushing behavior, as well as investigation into parameters governing the moment-rotation behavior.