چکیده
مقدمه
مطالعات مرتبط
چارچوب تجربی
آزمایش
نتایج
بحث
منابع
Abstract
Introduction
Related literature
Experimental framework
The experiment
Results
Discussion
References
چکیده
در یک آزمایش آزمایشگاهی دو مرحلهای، ما بررسی میکنیم که آیا نابرابری دستمزد تأثیر بیشتری بر رعایت مالیات و بر باورهای مربوط به سطوح انطباق همتایان در بین افراد ستمدیده دارد، زمانی که ناشی از انتخاب عمدی انسان در مقابل یک مکانیسم تصادفی باشد. آزمودنی ها در گروه های شش نفری سازماندهی می شوند. در مرحله اول، با اختصاص دستمزدهای عادلانه یا ناعادلانه به افراد به عنوان پاداش برای یک کار واقعی، دستکاری نابرابری دستمزد را انجام می دهیم. در مرحله دوم، از آزمودنیها خواسته میشود تا درآمد خود را گزارش کنند که درصد معینی از آن کسر میشود اما بین آنها توزیع مجدد نمیشود. سپس، آزمودنی ها باورهای مشوق خود را در مورد میانگین نسبت درآمد اعلام شده به واقعی در میان اعضای گروه خود بیان می کنند. ما متوجه شدیم که پیروی از مالیات و اعتقادات زمانی که نابرابری دستمزد ناشی از انتخاب عمدی انسان باشد، از بین می رود، اما نه زمانی که به دلیل تصادفی بودن باشد. در نتیجه، این نابرابری فی نفسه نیست که انطباق مالیاتی را کاهش می دهد و باورها را فاسد می کند، بلکه زمانی است که نابرابری ناشی از انتخاب انسان است. نتایج ما نشان میدهد که بیعدالتی اتفاقی در قالب نابرابری عمدی دستمزد تأثیر معکوس بر انطباق مالیات و باورها در مورد سطوح انطباق همتایان دارد. در نتیجه، نابرابری عمدی دستمزد می تواند برای جامعه مضر باشد.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
In a two-stage lab experiment, we examine whether wage inequity has a greater impact on tax compliance and on the beliefs about peers’ compliance levels among the wronged when it results from intentional human choice versus a random mechanism. Subjects are organized into groups of six. In the first stage, we perform a wage inequity manipulation by assigning equitable or inequitable wages to subjects as remuneration for a real-effort task. In the second stage, subjects are prompted to report their incomes, of which a certain percent is deducted but not redistributed between them. Then, subjects state their incentivized beliefs about the mean of the declared-to-true income ratio among their group members. We find that tax compliance and beliefs are eroded when wage inequity stems from intentional human choice but not when it is due to randomness. Consequently, it is not inequity per se that reduces tax compliance and corrupts beliefs, but rather when inequity is due to a human choice. Our results demonstrate that incidental unfairness in the form of intentional wage inequity adversely affects tax compliance and beliefs about peers’ compliance levels. In conclusion, intentional wage inequity can be harmful for society. Preregistered at aspredicted.com #36099.
Introduction
The idea that ethical preferences are susceptible to personal experiences of unfairness was introduced by Elster (1989).1 Specifically, if individuals feel that they have incurred injustice caused by an intentional human action, they may be inclined to exploit situations or institutions where relaxing one’s ethics pays off. In fact, when a disadvantageous outcome is due to intentional human actions, it is perceived as unfair and stings more than when the same outcome is due to chance. The wronged are then hastened to settle the score with the wrongdoer (Blount, 1995, Loewenstein, Thompson, Bazerman, 1989, Rabin, 1993, Fehr, Gächter, 2000). Even when there is no scope for reciprocity (so that the loss repair is at someone’s else expense), the wronged may engage in unethical behaviors if these improve their financial conditions. They are, for example, more likely to steal (Greenberg, 1993, John, Loewenstein, Rick, 2014), lie (Houser, Vetter, & Winter, 2012), and cheat (Galeotti, Kline, Orsini, 2017, Birkelund, Cherry, 2020). These findings confirm Elster (1989) in that ethical preferences are susceptible to situational factors. In particular, a prior episode of being wronged may erode subsequent behaviors where ethics and financial gains are at odds.2
Results and analyses
We enrolled 276 subjects into 46 experimental sessions, of which 23 sessions were assigned to the Nature and 23 to the Intent treatments. We present a summary of the key descriptive results in Table 3. As all subjects completed the image-labeling task successfully, we do not have to exclude anyone for failing to complete the task. Specifically, in all four treatments everyone correctly labeled at least 8 out the 10 images. The overall mean (SD) performance is 97.88% (4.20), which does not differ between treatments, (3, 218) = 0.22, . In other words, despite the fact that subjects had different incentives for the effort provision in the four treatments, their performance does not differ across treatments.