دانلود مقاله مکانیسم های عصبی طرد از گروه و پرخاشگری تلافی جویانه
خلاصه
مقدمه
مواد و روش ها
نتایج
بحث
نتیجه گیری
بیانیه افشاگری
منابع مالی
مشارکت های نویسنده
منابع
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Disclosure statement
Funding
Author Contributions
References
چکیده
پرخاشگری به طور مکرر و شدید بین گروه های رقیب رخ می دهد. اگرچه مطالعات زیادی در مورد عوامل روانشناختی و اجتماعی-اکولوژیکی پرخاشگری بین گروهی انجام شده است، علم اعصاب این پدیده ناقص باقی مانده است. برای بررسی همبستگی‌های عصبی پرخاشگری که به اهداف برون‌گروهی (در مقابل درون گروهی) هدایت می‌شود، 35 شرکت‌کننده مرد جوان سالم را که دانشجویان فعلی یا سابق همان دانشگاه بودند، به‌کار گرفتیم. در حین انجام MRI عملکردی، شرکت‌کنندگان یک کار تهاجمی را هم علیه حریف درون‌گروهی و هم برون‌گروهی انجام دادند که در آن حریفان بارها آنها را در سطوح مختلف تحریک می‌کردند و سپس شرکت‌کنندگان می‌توانستند تلافی کنند. شرکت‌کنندگان سپس از نظر اجتماعی وارد شدند و سپس توسط دو عضو برونگروه کنار گذاشته شدند و سپس همان کار پرخاشگری را علیه همان دو مخالف انجام دادند. هم قبل و هم بعد از طرد شدن از گروه، پرخاشگری نسبت به اعضای برونگروه به طور مثبتی با فعالیت در جسم مخطط شکمی در طول تصمیم گیری در مورد میزان تهاجمی بودن نسبت به حریف برون گروهی خود مرتبط بود. پرخاشگری نسبت به اعضای برونگروه نیز با فعالیت بیشتر پس از طرد در قشر پیشانی میانی منقاری و پشتی در هنگام تحریک حریف برون گروهی مرتبط بود. این الگوهای تغییریافته فعالیت مغز نشان می‌دهد که مکانیسم‌های پیشانی استریتال ممکن است نقش مهمی در تحریک پرخاشگری نسبت به اعضای برون گروه ایفا کنند.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
Aggression occurs frequently and severely between rival groups. Although there has been much study into the psychological and socio-ecological determinants of intergroup aggression, the neuroscience of this phenomenon remains incomplete. To examine the neural correlates of aggression directed at outgroup (versus ingroup) targets, we recruited 35 healthy young male participants who were current or former students of the same university. While undergoing functional MRI, participants completed an aggression task against both an ingroup and an outgroup opponent in which their opponents repeatedly provoked them at varying levels and then participants could retaliate. Participants were then socially included and then excluded by two outgroup members and then completed the same aggression task against the same two opponents. Both before and after outgroup exclusion, aggression toward outgroup members was positively associated with activity in the ventral striatum during decisions about how aggressive to be toward their outgroup opponent. Aggression toward outgroup members was also linked to greater post-exclusion activity in the rostral and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex during provocation from their outgroup opponent. These altered patterns of brain activity suggest that frontostriatal mechanisms may play a significant role in motivating aggression toward outgroup members.
Introduction
Humans readily categorize people into ingroup and outgroups. This impulse has many consequences – chief of which is the promotion of intergroup conflict and hostility. Indeed, human aggression is often at its most severe against perceived outgroup members (Böhm et al., 2016; Brewer & Kramer, 1985; Cikara, Botvinick et al., 2011; Haslam, 2006; Jackson, 1993; Lickel et al., 2006). Decades of investigation have laid bare many of the psychological processes underlying aggression directed at outgroups, yet the neural mechanisms that subserve such intergroup aggression remain incompletely understood (for a review see, Lantos & Molenberghs, 2021). To add to our understanding, we conducted a functional neuroimaging experiment in which participants were given the opportunity to physically harm (fictitious) ingroup and outgroup targets while we recorded their brain activity. Given the ability of perceived social exclusion to aggravate intergroup hostility (Hales & Williams, 2018), participants were also excluded by outgroup members and then given the opportunity to retaliate against one of them. Together, these procedures sought to simulate an antagonistic intergroup interaction, allowing us to peer into the neural mechanisms that promote hostility toward outgroup members.
Conclusions
Why does intergroup conflict persist into the modern age? Our findings suggest that aggression toward outgroup members has a robust brain basis that reflects the complex psychological processes involved in such intergroup hostility. We implicated frontostriatal circuits involved in reward processing and social cognition, which may help us understand and intervene upon group-based violence. We hope that future work will seek to replicate and extend these findings in the hope of promoting a more peaceful world.