دانلود مقاله تاثیر احساسات ناشی از موسیقی بر تصمیم گیری بین زمانی
چکیده
مقدمه
آزمایش 1: تأثیر موسیقی شاد و غمگین بر تصمیم گیری بین زمانی
آزمایش 2: تأثیر احساسات ناشی از سرعت بر تصمیم گیری بین زمانی
آزمایش 3: تأثیر احساسات ناشی از حالت بر تصمیم گیری بین زمانی
بحث کلی
منابع
Abstract
Introduction
Experiment 1: effect of happy and sad music on intertemporal decision making
Experiment 2: effect of tempo-induced emotions on intertemporal decision making
Experiment 3: effect of mode-induced emotions on intertemporal decision making
General discussion
References
چکیده
مردم تمایل دارند پاداش های کوچکتر و فوری را به جای پاداش های بزرگتر و تاخیری انتخاب کنند. تصور می شود که این پدیده با درگیری عاطفی مرتبط است. با این حال، مطالعات کمی تاثیر لحظه‌ای احساسات اتفاقی را بر انتخاب‌های بین‌زمانی نشان داده‌اند. این تحقیق به بررسی اثرات احساسات اتفاقی ناشی از موسیقی بر انتخاب های بین زمانی پرداخت که در طی آن موسیقی شاد یا غمگین به طور همزمان پخش می شد. ما دریافتیم که شادی ناشی از موسیقی باعث می‌شود شرکت‌کنندگان پاداش‌های کوچکتر اما زودتر (SS) را ترجیح دهند، در حالی که غم و اندوه ناشی از موسیقی باعث می‌شود شرکت‌کنندگان پاداش‌های بزرگتر اما دیرتر (LL) را ترجیح دهند. ادراک زمان تا حدی واسطه این اثر بود: هر چه تفاوت زمانی درک شده بیشتر باشد، احتمال بیشتری وجود داشت که SS را ترجیح دهند. سپس تمپو و حالت دستکاری شدند تا تأثیرات برانگیختگی و خلق و خوی روی انتخاب های بین زمانی را از هم جدا کنند. فقط برانگیختگی ناشی از سرعت، اما نه خلق و خوی ناشی از حالت، بر انتخاب های بین زمانی تأثیر گذاشت. این نتایج نقش برانگیختگی را در تصمیم‌گیری بین‌زمانی نشان می‌دهد و شواهدی را در حمایت از نظریه معادل به تمایز با توجه به مکانیسم غیر جبرانی در انتخاب‌های بین‌زمانی ارائه می‌کند.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
People tend to choose smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards. This phenomenon is thought to be associated with emotional engagement. However, few studies have demonstrated the real-time impact of incidental emotions on intertemporal choices. This research investigated the effects of music-induced incidental emotions on intertemporal choices, during which happy or sad music was played simultaneously. We found that music-induced happiness made participants prefer smaller-but-sooner rewards (SS), whereas music-induced sadness made participants prefer larger-but-later rewards (LL). Time perception partially mediated this effect: the greater the perceived temporal difference, the more likely they were to prefer SS. Tempo and mode were then manipulated to disentangle the effects of arousal and mood on intertemporal choices. Only tempo-induced arousal, but not mode-induced mood, affected intertemporal choices. These results suggest the role of arousal in intertemporal decision making and provide evidence in support of equate-to-differentiate theory with regard to the non-compensatory mechanism in intertemporal choices.
Introduction
Many important decisions about health, wealth, and happiness involve intertemporal choices (Reeck et al., 2017). However, people tend to forgo larger, delayed rewards in favour of smaller, immediate rewards (Loewenstein, 1996; Loewenstein et al., 2008; Peters & Büchel, 2011). The propensity to devalue delayed rewards, known as temporal discounting, is a basic psychological principle in intertemporal decision making (Green & Myerson, 2004). Dual systems theory suggests that our preference for immediate rewards stems from “hot” emotional responses, whereas patience emerges from more deliberative, “cold” reasoning (Figner et al., 2009; McClure et al., 2004; Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999). The processing of temporal discounting recruits brain regions associated with emotional responses and top-down cognitive control (Frost & McNaughton, 2017; Jimura et al., 2013; Peters & Büchel, 2011), implying that the manipulation of emotions may alter people's intertemporal choices.
General discussion
Experiencing music has a strong emotional component (Sloboda, 1991). The study used different types of background music to investigate the effects of music-induced incidental emotions on intertemporal decision making under money-gain and money-loss conditions. In Experiment 1, happy (fast tempo, major mode) and sad (slow tempo, minor mode) music successfully evoked the predicted emotions of happiness and sadness, which, in turn, affected the discount factors in the intertemporal decision-making tasks via a mediating effect of time perception. Specifically, participants in the happy music group perceived the time delay between immediate and deferred rewards to be longer and thus had a stronger preference for SS in monetary gains than did participants in the other groups. For an in-depth understanding of this effect, tempo (Experiment 2) and mode (Experiment 3) were manipulated to further investigate their impact on intertemporal decision making. Tempo manipulations affected arousal but not mood, whereas mode manipulations affected mood but not arousal. However, only tempo and the arousal it induced affected intertemporal choice under money-gain conditions, with a mediating role for time perception. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the effects of music-induced emotions on intertemporal decision making, providing evidence in support of non-compensatory theories in intertemporal choices, such as ETD theory (Li, 1994, 2004, 2016).