دانلود مقاله جرم زیست محیطی در یک دولت رفاه
چکیده
مقدمه
جرایم زیست محیطی - زیربخشی از جرم اقتصادی؟
جرایم زیست محیطی در فنلاند - قانون
مواد و روش ها
نتایج
بحث و نتایج
منابع
Abstract
Introduction
Environmental crime – a subsection of economic crime?
Environmental crimes in Finland – legislation
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion and conclusions
References
چکیده
هدف این مقاله تحلیل اتهامات مربوط به جرایم زیست محیطی در فنلاند از سال 2015 تا 2020 است. در نگاه اول به نظر می رسد که فنلاند در مقایسه با چندین کشور غربی دیگر جرایم زیست محیطی زیادی دارد، علی رغم نقش قوی اداره محیط زیست در اجرای قانون محیط زیست. با این حال، اکثر جرایم زیست محیطی فنلاند، جرایم شکار و مجرمان افراد خصوصی هستند. این جرایم در چندین کشور دیگر جزو جرایم زیست محیطی طبقه بندی نمی شوند. اکثر جرایم زیست محیطی دیگری که مرتکب می شوند مربوط به تجارت است. با این حال، افراد خصوصی در این جرایم نقش عمده ای دارند، زیرا زباله های قابل توجهی نیز جرم زیست محیطی محسوب می شود. این مطالعه ادبیات قبلی در مورد جرایم زیست محیطی را به یک منطقه جغرافیایی جدید گسترش می دهد و اطلاعاتی در مورد نقش انگیزه های اقتصادی در جرایم زیست محیطی ارائه می دهد.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
This article aims to analyse environmental crime charges in Finland from 2015 through 2020. At first glance, it would seem as though Finland has a lot of environmental crime compared to several other western countries, despite the strong role of environmental administration in environmental law enforcement. However, most Finnish environmental crimes, hunting crimes and offenders are private individuals. These crimes are not classified as environmental crimes in several other countries. The majority of other environmental crimes that are committed are related to business. However, private individuals have a major role in these crimes, as also significant amounts of littering is considered an environmental crime. This study expands the previous literature on environmental crimes to a new geographic area and provides information on the role of economic motives in environmental crimes.
Introduction
Since ecological problems are a global issue, environmental crimes are also a globally interesting phenomenon (White, 2010, pp. 3–4). Environmental crime is an issue that is addressed at the international level, for example, in UNEP (Coppens, 2013). INTERPOL sees environmental crime as a growing issue that is encouraged by enormous profits and relatively low risks (INTERPOL, 2020). Environmental crime is growing and becoming more and more professional (Coppens, 2013).
A few studies analyse environmental crime based on criminal charges and judgements. This field is called green criminology (Lynch, 2019; Lynch et al., 2019; Stretesky et al., 2014). This study addresses some local environmental issues without transnational or global impact. There might be some national studies that explore these fields. However, there are a few studies that use empirical methods, and only some use quantitative methods (Lynch, 2019). This study aims to expand the previous literature by providing information on environmental crime charges in Finland, which is a geographic region that has not been discussed in the international criminology literature on environmental crime before. There are currently no national studies where a case study about these prosecutions was conducted. Only some relatively old studies based on public statistics exist (Leppänen, 2008).
Discussion and conclusions
There were two research questions in this study. The first question was “What kind of environmental crimes are committed and prosecuted in Finland?” and the second question was “What are the special features of environmental crime in Finland?.” The case analysis method was used to answer to these questions. One key factor was the role of hunting crimes. Due to the popularity of hunting in Finland and classifying hunting crimes as environmental crimes, there are significantly more environmental crimes in Finland than in other countries. A large majority of aggravated environmental crimes were hunting crimes, and they often led to longer prison sentences than other environmental crimes.