مقاله انگلیسی پلتفرم اینترنت اشیا برای جلوگیری از کووید-19 و کنترل آن
Abstract
Document Sections
I. Introduction
II. IoT Platform for COVID-19 Prevention and Control: Perception Layer, Network Layer, Fog Layer, Cloud Layer
III. COVID-19 Symptom Diagnosis
IV. Quarantine Monitoring
V. Contact Tracing & Social Distancing
Abstract:
As a result of the worldwide transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has evolved into an unprecedented pandemic. Currently, with unavailable pharmaceutical treatments and low vaccination rates, this novel coronavirus results in a great impact on public health, human society, and global economy, which is likely to last for many years. One of the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is that a long-term system with non-pharmaceutical interventions for preventing and controlling new infectious diseases is desirable to be implemented. Internet of things (IoT) platform is preferred to be utilized to achieve this goal, due to its ubiquitous sensing ability and seamless connectivity. IoT technology is changing our lives through smart healthcare, smart home, and smart city, which aims to build a more convenient and intelligent community. This paper presents how the IoT could be incorporated into the epidemic prevention and control system. Specifically, we demonstrate a potential fog-cloud combined IoT platform that can be used in the systematic and intelligent COVID-19 prevention and control, which involves five interventions including COVID-19 Symptom Diagnosis, Quarantine Monitoring, Contact Tracing & Social Distancing, COVID-19 Outbreak Forecasting, and SARS-CoV-2 Mutation Tracking. We investigate and review the state-of-the-art literatures of these five interventions to present the capabilities of IoT in countering against the current COVID-19 pandemic or future infectious disease epidemics.
Introduction
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a human infectious illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. SARS-CoV-2 has been spreading all across the world in 213 countries, which results in over 88 million cumulative cases of COVID-19 illness as of January 2021 [2]. So far, the COVID-19 pandemic situation is not optimistic due to many factors including the low vaccination rates [3] and unavailable pharmaceutical treatment for COVID-19. The spreading control of COVID-19 mainly depends on the duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and the non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) [4], such as contact tracing, quarantine, and social distancing. On the one hand, the duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is still a mystery, which requires more longitudinal studies to figure out. However, it has been known that the immunity to other coronaviruses (e.g, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) gradually wanes over time and the coronavirus reinfections exist [5]. Similarly, the immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is highly possible to be short-term instead of permanent. Based on the prediction from Harvard Public Health School [4], the COVID-19 outbreaks would occur recurrently and regularly if the immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is not permanent. Even if it is permanent, SARS-CoV-2 could be spreading for many years.
On the other hand, the non-pharmaceutical interventions do contribute to mitigating the severity of COVID-19 epidemics. A study [4] estimates that social distancing could successfully yield a 60% reduction of COVID-19 infections [4]. The combined non-pharmaceutical interventions, involving self-isolation and public events banning, have effectively controlled the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in some regions like Europe [6] and China [7]. Although the non-pharmaceutical interventions are particularly important to COVID-19 prevention and control, it is worth noticing that these interventions probably have profound influence on the economy and society [8]. Also, the interventions, such as prolonged self-isolation and complete city lockdown, have impacts on people’s both physical [9] and mental health [10]. It is thus highly desirable to build a more intelligent and systematic implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions to ensure effective COVID-19 control with the minimal possible impacts on our lives and society.