فرسودگی انواع آویزهای مورد استفاده در پل
Abstract
1-Experience regarding the design of tied arch bridges
2-Right constructional features usually required for hangers
3-Case of the upper anchorages of the hangers of a railway bridge
4-Case of a lower anchorage of a road tied arch bridge
5-Case of an old motorway bridge
6-Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Abstract
The roads represent an important heritage owned by the French Ministry of Transports. Even more than corrosion, the fatigue is the principal aging process that affects the durability of steel bridges. Several examples illustrate in the article the importance of affecting a right consideration to the fatigue design of bridges. Details that may appear as accessory to most of the usual bridge designers may be in fact of a crucial importance. It is in particular the case of the welded joints. The fillet joints are much more sensible to the fatigue stresses and should be avoided when there is a doubt, because their evaluation is very complicated. If the designer of a bridge uses such attachment, he has to verify the relevance regarding fatigue before calling for tender because the time for such studies is generally not available during the execution studies. Calculation FEM techniques are used to evaluate the stress concentration factor that has to be taken into account for the fatigue design. For bridges, many fatigue details are classified in the Eurocode 3 ( part 9 ) from tests. But some details that cannot be found in the Eurocode, and can however be studied and evaluated by computation. Several examples of tied arch bridges are presented. The article presents also an example where the fatigue class of the detail regarding longitudinal stresses is evaluated thanks to a FE-modelization according to the 2008 IIW Fatigue Recommendations at the location of the attachment of a hanger. Crack in a similar fillet weld of the attachment of the stiffener of a box girder bridge is presented to illustrate that fatigue may really cause severe trouble.
Experience regarding the design of tied arch bridges
The author has a long experience in the design of tied arch bridges. At Sétra he designed the Saint-Gilles Bridge over River Rhone [1] with cable-stays for a span of 120m ( figure 1 ) and the much smaller Roboul bridge of figure 2 for the East-Pyrenean local Authority in France [2]. Sétra was involved with the Roboul bridge in the conception of a pilot-project for a Mediterranean bridge allowing to cross a river in one span without intermediate piers to reduce the hydraulic impact, the risk of the soil to be washed away near the intermediate pier, and to preserve upstream area from catastrophic flooding [3]. For this purpose the Roboul bridge presents welded suspending rods which are elegant, rustic and economic. The economic pertinence of steel concrete tied arch bridges was proven at this occasion even for a small 40 meters span. Sétra also participated to the conception of the bridge of Bédarieux for the French Hérault Local Authority in 2009. This bridge ( figure 3 ) shows that a span of 90 m with the same type of welded suspending rods as in for the Roboul-river crossing. If need be, it is of course also possible to embed this type of bridge on the abutment to remove the road joints and to constitute an integral bridge.