دانلود مقاله به سوی همکاری پایدار آب فرامرزی بین افغانستان و پاکستان
چکیده
مقدمه
مواد و روش ها
سیر تحول تاریخی همکاری فرامرزی در حوزه رودخانه کابل
درس های آموخته شده از تجربیات بین المللی
زمینه سیاسی
زمینه نهادی و قانونی
مشخصات فنی، مهندسی و هیدرولوژیکی
به اشتراک گذاری مزایا به عنوان یک راه پیش برنده
نتایج و بحث ها
نتیجه گیری
منابع
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Historical evolution of transboundary cooperation on Kabul River basin
Lessons learnt from international experience
Political context
Institutional and legal context
Technical, engineering & hydrologic characteristics
Benefit sharing as a way forward
Results and discussions
Conclusion
References
چکیده
افغانستان تلاش زیادی کرده است تا به تدریج منابع آبی خود را که تا حد زیادی مورد استفاده قرار نگرفته است، توسعه دهد. حوضه فرامرزی رودخانه کابل (KRB) بین افغانستان و پاکستان تقریباً یک چهارم به منابع آبی تولید شده در سراسر کشور کمک می کند. در حال حاضر، با وجود تقاضای رو به رشد برای آبیاری و برق آبی به ویژه در طرف افغانستان، هیچ مکانیسم همکاری در رابطه با KRB وجود ندارد. این مقاله یک بررسی پیشرفته در مورد مسائل آب فرامرزی بین افغانستان و پاکستان بر اساس جنبه‌های جغرافیایی، هیدروگرافی، هیدرولوژیکی، تاریخی، نهادی و سیاسی ارائه می‌کند. چالش ها و فرصت ها به دقت بررسی می شوند و مسیری رو به جلو ارائه می شود. عدم اعتماد مداوم بین بالادست افغانستان و پایین دست پاکستان مانع گفتگوی معنادار برای همکاری شده است. با توجه به اینکه منابع آبی افغانستان تقریباً 90 درصد فرامرزی است و پاکستان وابستگی زیادی به منابع آبی دارد، هر دو همسایه سهم زیادی در همکاری دارند. این مطالعه یک چارچوب همکاری را ارائه می‌کند که بر اشتراک منافع به عنوان یک اصل فراتر از نیازها و حقوق آب تأکید دارد.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
Afghanistan has been trying hard to gradually develop its largely underused water resources. The transboundary Kabul River basin (KRB) between Afghanistan and Pakistan contributes almost one quarter to the water resources generated nationwide. Currently, there is no cooperation mechanism pertaining to KRB, despite growing demand for irrigation and hydropower particularly on the Afghan side. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on transboundary water issues between Afghanistan and Pakistan based on geographic, hydrographic, hydrologic, historic, institutional, and political aspects. The challenges and opportunities are carefully examined, and a path forward is presented. A persistent lack of trust between upstream Afghanistan and downstream Pakistan has hindered meaningful dialogue for cooperation. Both neighbors have high stakes in cooperation given that Afghanistan’s water resources are almost 90% transboundary and Pakistan has high dependency for water resources. This study presents a cooperation framework emphasizing benefits-sharing as a principle going beyond water needs and rights.
Introduction
Afghanistan has five major river basins, out of which four are transboundary that make up about 90 % of the national water resources. Transboundary cooperation with riparians is, therefore, important to the country to meet its growing needs for water, energy as well as its food security as unilateral resource capture can potentially spur disputes with downstream riparians [1]. Kabul River Basin (KRB) is one of these transboundary basins. It flows into Pakistan contributing almost 21 billion cubic meters annually [2]. It is an important source of water for municipal, agriculture and hydropower use in both Afghanistan and Pakistan. However, Afghanistan has underutilized the full potential of the river so far. Limited studies, continuous conflict, unavailability of sufficient finances and lack of commitment by the international donors hinder Afghanistan’s intended plan to efficiently utilize the water resources of the Kabul River. Currently, Afghanistan has no transboundary cooperation mechanism with downstream Pakistan on Kabul River. Occasional efforts have been made in the past but were largely fragmented. In transboundary water basins, building new storage and diversion facilities can impact downstream riparians often leading to strained relations [3]. This applies to development efforts by Afghanistan on the Kabul River.
Conclusion
It is concluded that any potential cooperation on Kabul River has to be based on benefit sharing rather than water sharing. Transboundary cooperation between riparians is always hard to achieve and more so between Afghanistan and Pakistan on Kabul River. The two countries have had political tensions over disputed Durand Line, the de-facto border between the two countries which has not been recognized by Afghanistan as de-jure international border. Despite these challenges, the two countries need to realize that cooperation is better than the status quo, which does not sever the water interests of either. International financial institution like the World Bank and others will be more reluctant to invest in KRB absent transboundary cooperation. (Provide reference in the results and discussion part, not here).