دانلود مقاله پیش بینی آینده گردشگری فرهنگی
چکیده
مقدمه
زمینه گردشگری فرهنگی و سناریوهای آینده
بازبینی آینده گردشگری فرهنگی: سه چشم انداز
نتیجه
منابع
Abstract
Introduction
The context of cultural tourism and future scenarios
The future of cultural tourism revisited: three visions
Conclusion
References
چکیده
در پی همه گیری کووید-19، آینده گردشگری موضوعی است که هم در محافل دانشگاهی و هم در محافل غیر آکادمیک بسیار مورد بحث است و مفسران دیدگاه های متضادی را بیان می کنند. این مقاله مفهومی به چنین بحث‌هایی کمک می‌کند و به‌ویژه هدفش پیش‌بینی آینده‌های قابل قبول گردشگری فرهنگی است. برای این منظور، ابتدا روندهای گردشگری فرهنگی و سناریوهای آینده موجود در ادبیات را مورد بحث قرار می دهیم. سپس، سه دیدگاه گردشگری فرهنگی در دهه‌های آینده را بیان می‌کنیم: یک دیدگاه آرمان‌شهری، یک دیستوپیایی و یک دیدگاه هتروتوپیایی. در نهایت، نتیجه می‌گیریم که دیدگاه هتروتوپی، دقیق‌ترین تفسیر را از آینده گردشگری فرهنگی ارائه می‌کند و در مورد پیامدهای بالقوه چنین دیدگاهی بحث می‌کنیم.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
In the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, the future of tourism is a much-debated topic both in academic and non-academic circles with commentators expounding contrasting perspectives. This conceptual paper contributes to such debates and aims at envisioning plausible futures of cultural tourism, in particular. For that purpose, we first discuss cultural tourism trends and the future scenarios available in the literature. Then, we articulate three cultural tourism visions of the decades to come: a utopian, a dystopian and a heterotopian vision. Finally, we conclude that the heterotopian vision provides the most nuanced interpretation of the future of cultural tourism and we discuss the potential ramifications of such a vision.
Introduction
In a recent editorial note in the Journal of Tourism Futures, Yeoman (2020) suggests that with the current Covid-19 outbreak "the future of tourism is a blank piece of paper". In other words, what tourism may look like in the future can take different forms, and tourism futures are yet to be "written". The future of tourism is currently a much-debated topic both in academic and non-academic circles with authors expounding contrasting perspectives. Some conjure optimistic scenarios while others have a more pessimistic perspective. With regards to the latter, in a recent thematic issue on tourism of the French magazine Socialter (2020), most of the activists, practitioners, academics and politicians interviewed contend the lack of substantial governmental and industry commitment to transform the modus operandi of the tourism industry. While these concerns are directed to the tourism industry in general, these are also certainly true to specific forms of tourism such as cultural tourism. In fact, cultural tourism, which is estimated to account for about 39% of all tourism activities (UNWTO, 2018), until recently received extensive media coverage for its poor sustainability performance as epitomised by the overtourism phenomenon.
Conclusion
This paper has presented three cultural tourism futures described as utopian, dystopian and heterotopian, which we expect to coexist to various degrees at a destination level even when some consumption and governance modalities may predominate in some contexts. A utopian future would be marked by global degrowth strategies led by post-anthropocentric community-driven modes of governance and slow cultural tourism practices. This utopian vision resembles the community-driven slow cultural tourism scenario and the perspective of Matteucci, Nawijn, & Von Zumbusch, 2022, who urge tourism destinations to follow a new materialist governance approach, which prioritises the needs and concerns of local communities over those of tourists and the travel trade. While a utopian future would solve many of the predicaments of the Anthropocene, the past decades of tourism policy have revealed that policymakers are reluctant to embrace shifts in their governance paradigm (Hall, 2011). Indeed, as Christin (2020) notes, capitalism can digest Covid-19 very well with some adaptations and compensatory measures. For instance, in mid-May 2020, the French government released 18 billion euros to help tourism overcome what former Prime Minister Édouard Philippe described as "the worst ordeal" in the country's history. As Christin warns, with recovery packages on the horizon lies the illusion of green tourism growth that perpetuates an unsustainable tourism system, thus leading to a potential dystopian future (Milano & Koens, 2021).