اثرات آموزش فوتبال در معیار تناسب اندام فیزیکی
Abstract
1- Introduction
2- Materials and methods
3- Results
4- Discussion
5- Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Abstract
Purpose: The aims of this study were to (1) investigate the health-related physical fitness profile of untrained adolescent boys in comparison to adolescent soccer players, (2) determine the intensity and enjoyment of 6v6 and 4v4 small-sided games, and (3) evaluate the health-related effects of a short-period of soccer training in the untrained group. Methods: Forty-one adolescent boys (untrained, n = 24: age = 15.9 § 0.6 years; trained, n = 17: age = 15.7 § 0.7 years) were recruited. For Purpose 1, the players (n = 17) and the untrained (n = 24) boys were tested for speed, jumping power, balance, flexibility, and aerobic capacity. After baseline testing, Purposes 2 and 3 were addressed by randomly assigning the untrained boys to either a soccer-training group (small-sided games, 2 sessions per week for 8 weeks) or to a control group, followed by identical retesting. Results: At baseline, physical fitness was higher (p < 0.001) in trained players than in untrained for aerobic fitness, sprinting, jumping power, and balance. Small-sided games using 6v6 or 4v4 elicited similar heart rate (HR) (mean: ~ 85% peak heart rate, HRpeak), rate of perceived exertion, and enjoyment responses. Over 8 weeks, the between-group analysis revealed that soccer training had a large beneficial effect on balance (45%) when compared with control group with unclear effects on other fitness parameters. Conclusion: Adolescent soccer players had markedly higher physical fitness compared with untrained adolescents. Small-sided soccer games practiced by untrained adolescents elicited high exercise intensity. While 8 weeks of twice-weekly soccer training sessions induced significant improvement in balance, the short duration of the study was not sufficient to result in between-group differences in sprint and jump performance or aerobic fitness.
Introduction
A low level of physical fitness and life-style-related diseases during childhood and adolescence are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease during adulthood.1 Recent estimates suggest that many adolescents and children do not achieve the recommended level of physical activity2 that is required to cause a reduction in the risk for cardiovascular disease and physiological disorders during childhood and adolescence.3 Studies investigating the health-related physical fitness benefits of regular physical activity participation have focused primarily on aerobic exercise, including treadmill or outdoor running and cycle ergometry.4,5 However, adherence to these modes of physical activity (e.g., continuous running) in the general population, and especially in adolescents, is relatively low, perhaps because such activities are perceived as isolating and boring.6 There is, therefore, a need to find more enjoyable modes of training that elicit great adherence by optimizing intrinsic motivation while offering health benefits that match those accomplished by treadmill and cycle ergometry programs.7 In this context, recreational soccer may be a popular alternative for those seeking to improve their cardiovascular, metabolic, and musculoskeletal fitness.