مقاله انگلیسی مدیریت پسماند پس از فاجعه با در نظر گرفتن سیاست مالیات کربن
Abstract
Keywords
1. Introduction
2. Framework and model formation
3. Computational experiments
3.1. Experimental data design
3.2. Results and discussion
4. Conclusion
Declaration of Competing Interest
Acknowledgements
References
Abstract
Generally, the activities of post-disaster waste management usually produce high carbon emissions, which can cause damage to the environment. However, the issue of carbon emissions in the post-disaster waste supply chain is neglected. Hence, this paper aims to propose a mixed-integer linear programming model to address the post-disaster waste processing supply chain network design problem with the consideration of a carbon tax policy. The proposed model is developed based on the concept of a mixed strategy of waste separation to reduce carbon emissions. Not only the carbon emission perspective but also the financial perspective for post-disaster waste supply chain management is determined in the objective function. The proposed model was verified and validated by employing a numerical example based on realistic data. Based on the numerical example, the results show that the implementation of a carbon tax policy with the mixed strategy for waste separation can reduce carbon emissions in the post-disaster waste supply chain efficiently.
1. Introduction
In a large-scale disaster, thousands of tonnes of mixed wastes are generated. The mixed waste is usually composed of building rubble, household materials, electrical appliances, a small amount of concrete, wood chips, plastics, glass, soil, sand, and so on [1]. The mixed waste is removed and disposed of after the disaster. Normally, the activities of mixed waste management involve waste collection, transfer, recycling, and disposal, all of which can produce CO2, causing damage to the environment, and can threaten the health of the disaster victims and workers in the affected area [2], [3]. According to Ritchie and Roser [4], the average annual growth rate of CO2 emissions was 30.36 billion tonnes from 1950 to 2017. In 2017, the world emitted 36.15 billion tonnes of CO2, while in 2000 the figure was 11.59 billion tonnes. Due to the issue of carbon emissions, CO2 emissions reduction has become an effective way to reduce the pressure on many countries [5]. Nowadays, several policies have been proposed to reduce CO2 emissions, such as carbon taxes, carbon caps, cap and trade, and so on [6], [7]. The Energy Information Administration stated that “the real constraint lies not in our ability to develop the necessary technologies but in our political will to deploy them” [8]. Nowadays, low-carbon supply chains are becoming more and more popular in many organizations. Many organizations usually apply carbon tax policies because this policy has been successful in many countries. However, consideration of a carbon tax policy in the post-disaster waste supply chain is still neglected. Most policymakers pay attention to the cost or time only [2], [9].
To reduce carbon emissions, the carbon tax policy in the post-disaster waste supply chain should be determined. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a mathematical model for post-disaster waste management with consideration of a carbon tax policy. The proposed mathematical model is developed based on the concept of a mixed strategy of waste separation (on-site and off-site separation) to reduce carbon emissions. Not only the carbon emissions but also the total cost for the post-disaster waste supply chain management is determined in the proposed model.