مقاله انگلیسی دوقلوهای ساختمان دیجیتال و بلاک چین برای قراردادهای مبتنی بر عملکرد (هوشمند)
Highlights
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Departure
Proposed performance-based smart contract architecture
Proof of concept
Discussion and outlook
Conclusion
Author contributions
Funding
Declaration of Competing Interest
Acknowledgment
References
Abstract
Servitization business models can use performance-based contracts to consider overall life-cycle costs rather than just production costs. However, practical implementation of performance contracts has been limited due to challenges with performance evaluation, accountability, and financial concepts. As a solution, this paper proposes the connection of the digital building twin with blockchain-based smart contracts to execute performancebased digital payments. First, we conceptualize a technical architecture to connect blockchain to digital building twins. The digital building twin stores and evaluates performance data in real-time. The blockchain ensures transparency and trusted execution of automatic performance evaluation and rewards through smart contracts. Next, we demonstrate the feasibility of both the concept and technical architecture by integrating the Ethereum blockchain with digital building models and sensors via the Siemens building twin platform. The resulting prototype is the first full-stack implementation of a performance-based smart contract in the built environment.
Introduction
The global building and construction sector is a major contributor to global energy consumption [1]. Despite governmental efforts to lower energy use and emissions, the trend is still rising [2]. One untapped possiblity for emission reduction is the construction of more sustainable buildings with better lifecycle performance [2]. However, these buildings suffer from the so-called building-energy performance gap, where the actual building life-cycle energy performance does not match predictions [3,4]. Despite the push for more innovative and energy-efficient designs [5], the actual energy usage can be up to 250% higher than the predicted energy usage [6].Although some root causes for the building-energy performance gap can occur at the design stage (e.g., miscommunication among stakeholders, poor technology performance, or incorrect simulation models [4]), the construction and operations stages are also at fault.