دانلود مقاله حمل و نقل پاک و پایدار از طریق وسایل نقلیه الکتریکی
چکیده
مقدمه
مرور مطالعات پیشین
وسایل نقلیه الکتریکی - مفاهیم کلیدی
مروری اجمالی بر سه چرخ هیبریدی
وضعیت پیشرفته فعلی سه چرخه برقی
شکاف سیاست
روش ها
مدت زمان
هزینه ریکشا
آمار استفاده
مخارج و درآمد
تجزیه و تحلیل پایداری
بحث
کاهش انتشار گازهای گلخانه ای برای پایداری زیست محیطی
توسعه فناوری بومی
طرح وام آسان دولت
کاهش فقر برای پایداری اقتصادی
ایستگاه های شارژ در دسترس
ترویج برابری جنسیتی
نتیجه گیری
منابع
Abstract
Introduction
Literature review
Electric vehicles — key concepts
Overview of hybrid three‑wheeler
Current state of the art of electric three‑wheeler
Policy gap
Methods
Duration
Rickshaw cost
Usage statistics
Expenditures and earnings
Sustainability analysis
Discussion
Reduced GHG emissions for environmental sustainability
Development of indigenous technology
Government easy loan scheme
Poverty amelioration for economic sustainability
Easily available charging stations
Promoting gender equality
Conclusions
Declarations
References
چکیده
بخش حمل و نقل یکی از عوامل اصلی انتشار گازهای گلخانه ای است و بررسی نقش خودروهای الکتریکی در عملکرد اقتصادی و زیست محیطی کشورهای در حال توسعه ضروری است. در این کار تحقیقاتی، نویسندگان به دنبال بررسی الگوی استفاده از وسیله نقلیه سه چرخ با اتخاذ یک رویکرد نظرسنجی مبتنی بر پاکستان و تجزیه و تحلیل پاسخ‌های رانندگان مختلف سه چرخ در سراسر کشور هستند. نتایج بررسی نشان می دهد که استفاده از سه چرخ هیبریدی و برقی در پاکستان به دلیل افزایش مزایای اقتصادی، علیرغم داشتن هزینه سرمایه اولیه بالا، مورد استقبال کاربران قرار خواهد گرفت. به طور متوسط، این سه چرخ معمولی بیش از 5 روز در هفته، 101 تا 150 کیلومتر در روز در بیش از 10 ساعت کار می کند و به مالک این امکان را می دهد که حدود 20000 تا 25000 PKR (119-149 دلار آمریکا) درآمد داشته باشد. بعد از اینکه تقریباً 15000 پوکی (89 دلار آمریکا) هر ماه برای سوخت و نگهداری هزینه می شود. استفاده از سه چرخ هیبریدی یا برقی می تواند به راحتی درآمد ماهانه را تا 50 درصد بهبود بخشد. علاوه بر این، انتشار گازهای گلخانه ای از بخش حمل و نقل به میزان قابل توجهی در حدود 3 تا 6 تن انتشار CO2 در سال به ازای هر سه چرخ کاهش می یابد. در دوره بازگشت سرمایه 13 تا 16 ماهه، سه چرخ برقی یک فرصت بسیار سودآور است.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
Transportation sector is one of the major contributors to GHG emissions, and it is essential to investigate the role of electric vehicles in economic and environmental performance of developing countries. In this research work, the authors seek to investigate the usage pattern of three-wheeler vehicle by taking a Pakistan-based survey approach and analyzing the responses from various three-wheeler drivers across the country. The survey results indicate that the adoption of hybrid and electric three-wheelers in Pakistan would be welcomed by the users due to increased economic benefits, despite having a high initial capital cost. On an average basis, the regular three-wheeler is run for more than 5 days a week, 101–150 km daily across more than 10 h, and enables the owner to make around PKR 20,000–25,000 (~ US $119–US $149) after approximately PKR 15,000 (~ USD $89) is spent every month on fuel and maintenance. The adoption of hybrid or electric three-wheelers can easily improve the monthly earnings by 50%. In addition to this, the GHG emissions from the transportation sector will be considerably lowered around 3–6 tonnes of CO2 emissions per year per three-wheeler. At an investment return period of 13–16 months, the electric three-wheeler is a highly lucrative opportunity.
Introduction
The industrial revolutions brought about a paradigm shift in the quality of lives of individuals; the world became a global village and the technological advancements resulted in extensive economic gains. However, the environmental impact of the economic gains was often overlooked and it eventually culminated in the pressing issue of climate change where the annual temperatures are forecasted to rise by 0.5–4.5 °C over the next century (GoP, 2016) if stringent measures are not taken. In this context, it is incumbent upon the stakeholders and policymakers to identify the areas where the carbon footprint can be reduced through conscious eforts. Transportation sector is one of the major contributors to environmental pollution1 and the conventional internal combustion engines require stringent protocols for curbing the environmentally detrimental greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, countries have promoted the use of electric vehicles (Kwon et al., 2020; Daina et al., 2017) to reduce the environmental impact of transportation, in addition to numerous clean energy initiatives. The commercially available electric vehicles are broadly classifed into two categories: (i) plug-in hybrid electric vehicles or PHEVs and (ii) battery electric vehicles or BEVs and share the common aim of reducing the GHG emissions by reducing or eliminating the use of fossil fuels (Cofman et al., 2017). The worldwide adoption of hybrid technology vehicles has been an outcome of spreading awareness followed by relevant actions among governments, consumers, and producers.
Conclusions
In this research work, the authors have sought to understand the usage pattern of three-wheeler vehicles and the general consensus on the adoption of electric threewheelers. Using a survey-based approach, data from 534 three-wheeler drivers were collected from the major metropolitan cities of Pakistan and it was observed that there exists an opportunity to introduce electric three-wheelers to achieve holistic sustainability. Many researchers have discussed the importance of adoption of electric vehicles and their economic benefts; however, the case of threewheelers from driver/owner viewpoint has remained an unexplored avenue. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the frst study that describes the usage pattern of three-wheelers and performs the sustainability analysis of adoption of three-wheeler vehicles in Pakistan, and it can be said with confdence that the results can be extended to other countries with similarity in socioeconomic demography. The higher price point of the electric or hybrid threewheeler will not afect the buyer as the investment can easily be recouped within 13 months if the three-wheeler is bought on lump sum basis, whereas the return period is 16 months if the electric or hybrid three-wheeler is bought through a government loan scheme. The adoption of electric three-wheelers will result in improved environmental performance as on average 3–6 tons of CO2 emissions is produced from a single three-wheeler throughout the year at a driving cycle of 101–150 km a day for 6 days a week. With more than 100,000 three-wheelers running across the country,