رسانه های اجتماعی در مدیریت بحران
ABSTRACT
1- Introduction
2- Case studies of social media in emergencies
3- Types of crisis informatics research
4- Types of interaction: usage patterns in crisis informatics
5- Discussion and conclusion
Notes
Acknowledgments
References
ABSTRACT
Since the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the use of social media in emergency and crisis events has greatly increased and many studies have concentrated on the use of ICT and social media before, during, or after these events. The field of research that these studies fall under is called crisis informatics. In this article, we evaluate and analyze crisis informatics research by looking at case studies of social media use in emergencies, outlining the types of research found in crisis informatics, and expounding upon the forms of interaction that have been researched. Finally, we summarize the achievements from a human– computer interaction perspective and outline trends and challenges for future research.
Introduction
Social media enable increased communication and collaboration among online users, and they have become a ubiquitous part of everyday life for many. The most common social media platforms attract a large number of users: In August 2017, Facebook had about 2.0 billion, YouTube 1.5 billion, WhatsApp 1.2 billion, Instagram 700 million, Twitter 328 million, and LinkedIn 106 million active users.1 With such pervasiveness, people use social media not only in everyday life but also during crisis and emergency events. One of the earliest example of this kind of social media use occurred during the 9/11 attacks in 2001. During these attacks, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the Red Cross employed web-based technologies to disseminate information to the public and to report the status of the relief efforts externally and internally (Harrald, Egan, & Jefferson, 2002). Additionally, citizens created wikis to gather information about missing persons (Palen & Liu, 2007). Since about 2006, the use of social media in managing crisis events has gained increasing interest among researchers. This area of study is often called crisis informatics. Established by Hagar (2007) and later expanded upon by Palen, Vieweg, Liu, and Hughes (2009), crisis informatics “views emergency response as an expanded social system where information is disseminated within and between official and public channels and entities.” Crisis informatics “is a multidisciplinary field combining computing and social science knowledge of disasters; its central tenet is that people use personal information and communication technology to respond to disaster in creative ways to cope with uncertainty” (Palen & Anderson, 2016).