مقاله انگلیسی مدیریت انتظارات عملکرد در فوتبال انجمنی
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Literature review
Explicit-knowledge-based approach to the analysis of individual matches
Explicit-knowledge-based approach to the analysis of season-long competitions
Tacit-knowledge-based approach to the analysis of individual matches
Tacit-knowledge-based approach to the analysis of season-long competitions
Conclusions and further work
Acknowledgements
Appendix. Implementation in MS excel
References
Vitae
Abstract
Motivated by excessive managerial pressure and sackings, together with associated questions over the inefficient use of scarce resources, we explore realistic performance expectations in association football. Our aim is to improve management quality by accounting for information asymmetry. Results highlight uncertainty caused both by football’s low-scoring nature and the intensity of the competition. At a deeper level we show that fans and journalists are prone to under-estimate uncertainties associated with individual matches. Further, we quantify reasonable expectations in the face of unevenly distributed resources. In line with the statactivist approach we call for more rounded assessments to be made once the underlying uncertainties are adequately accounted for. Managing fan expectations is probably impossible though the potential for constructive dialogue remains.
Introduction
Innovation is playing an increasingly prominent role in sport business management as a result of many changes taking place in the sport landscape. This process is particularly characterised by increased competition (Ratten, 2017). Association football is the world’s most popular sport played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies. Association football is renowned for intense levels of competition culminating in excessive managerial pressure and sackings (Calvin, 2015; Cooper & Johnston, 2012) together with nonlinear reward structures (Carlsson-Wall et al., 2016). One of the main reasons for sackings is the asymmetry of information between fans and football managers (see e.g. Dolles et al., 2014). However, managerial sackings constitute a complex and multi-faceted subject. Sackings represent the ultimate sanction for perceived poor performance. Hope (2003) and Bell et al. (2013a) outline economic models that may help to determine when sackings are appropriate. However, Flint et al. (2016) question whether recent episodes may have exceeded accepted ethical and legal standards. There are also large question marks surrounding the inefficient allocation of scare resources (Flint et al., 2014). The website offthepitch.com reports that in the years 2015–2019 English Premier League clubs paid £130 million in compensation to sacked managers.