مقاله انگلیسی موافقت نامه های تجاری و مشارکت در زنجیره های ارزش جهانی: شواهد تجربی از آمریکای لاتین
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
RTA AND GVC PATHS IN LATIN AMERICA
DATA AND ESTIMATION
EMPIRICAL RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Abstract
The rise of global sourcing implies a heterogeneous relationship between buyers and suppliers regarding the liberalisation scenarios in emerging countries. This paper analyses the effect of regional trade agreements (RTAs) on participation in the Global Value Chains of Latin American countries between 1995 and 2015. We combine the framework of gravity equations with the trade in value-added, applying a Pseudo Poisson Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator with panel data and fixed effects to deal with endogeneity and heteroscedasticity. Heterogeneous estimations show that the deepest RTAs reinforce the position of lower technology-industry suppliers, driven by an extra-regional strategy of Latin American trade policy. The geography of value chains has little effect on industrial upgrading in the region, reducing the development potential. The study concludes that the region's trade policy could reduce the dependent relationship between distant partners and pay more attention to creating shorter value chains as a strategy to generate local capacities to gain competitiveness in value chains.
INTRODUCTION
Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) can promote technological transfers between developing countries and large nodes of global value chains (GVC), increasing the industrial upgrading potential (Baldwin, 2011; Gereffi, 2019; Miroudot et al., 2013). Evidence on the positive relationship between trade policy and GVC gains has been gained relevance in international economy studies (Antràs & Staiger, 2012; Bickwit et al., 2018). Although in regional blocks such as Asia, the European Union and North America, this relationship is more straightforward, while in Latin America (LA), this pattern is fuzzier. The trade policy strategy associated with extra-regional partners has not improved opportunities in LA (Boffa et al., 2019; Cadestin et al., 2016; Suder et al., 2015). Moreover, the uneven geography of GVC gains generates controversies regarding the benefits of GVCs (Werner et al., 2014). Since the 1960s, LA regional integration efforts have consolidated a complex network of RTAs, both bilateral and multilateral (Choi, 2020). Nevertheless, the continent is stuck with low research and development (R&D) technological industries, negligible diversification and is a global supplier of raw materials on production networks worldwide.