چشم انداز زمانی
Abstract
1- Introduction
2- Theoretical framework
3- Methods and sample
4- Results
5- Discussion
6- Conclusion
References
Abstract
The article presents the results of the study of time perspective as a predictor of procrastination. It shows how the test subjects with high procrastination rates are more pessimistic and negative about past events; they are less focused on future plans, goals, and prospects, and are convinced that their future is predetermined and cannot be influenced by individual actions. The discriminant analysis revealed negative attitude toward the past, fatalistic perception of the future, and lack of orientation to the future as factors predicting a high level of procrastination. Approaches to reduction of procrastination level in the work of organization are as well formulated.
Introduction
One of the most important tasks of modern management is to increase labor productivity. One the many factors influencing productivity that has been named more often recently is procrastination – voluntary, irrational postponement of the planned actions despite the fact that it will cost a lot or will have a negative effect on the person (Lay, 1986). For instance, according to a study conducted on the basis of the H&R Block consulting company, in ۲۰۰۲ the organization sustained a loss of $473 million for reasons in any way related to the inertia of employees at the workplace (Barabanschikova & Kaminskaya, 2013). Today, the reasons for procrastination are being quite actively studied in the academic community (Solomon, 1984); (Lay, 1986; Rothblum, & Solomon, 1986); (Murakami, 1986); (Yong, 2010), and antiprocrastination methods (planning, setting goals, etc.) have been proposed, however are not so many effective solutions to this problem in the organization (Barabanschikova & Kaminskaya, 2013). In the present study we presupposed that the causes of procrastination lie much deeper, at the level of the unconscious (or this reason they are so difficult to control), and are related to the basic, fundamental attitudes of a person towards himself and the world. One of such attitudes is how a person perceives and interprets the time of his life (Furey & Fortunato, 2014). We decided to consider a time perspective as a construct that determines the attitude of a person to time, which is defined as the “nonconscious process whereby the continual flows of personal and social experiences are assigned to temporal categories…[involving] cognitive frames … [that] are used in encoding, storing, and recalling experienced events as well as in forming expectations, goals, contingencies, and imaginative scenarios (Zimbardo & Boyd,1999, p. 1271).