اعتیاد در استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical background
3. Research hypotheses
4. Method
5. Data analysis and results
6. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Appendix A. Summary of the Literature on Habit and Addiction
References
Abstract
Habit and addiction are two distinct drivers of information technology (IT) use that nonetheless bear increasing resemblance in how they are conceptualized and modeled in the information systems (IS) literature. The purpose of this study is to aid the further growth of these heretofore-independent streams of research by developing a comparative framework that allows us to distinguish between them. Drawing on the theories of automaticity and incentive-sensitization, we developed a theoretical model that describes the nature, antecedents, and consequences of habit and addiction of IT use in the context of social networking services. The proposed model was tested based on the data collected from 420 actual users of Twitter. We found that habit was indeed influenced by its proposed unique antecedents of routine seeking and cognitive rigidity, whereas addiction was not. Similarly, addiction was influenced by its proposed unique antecedents of focused immersion and concern for social acceptance, whereas habit was not. Looking at their outcomes, we found that although both drivers positively affected goal-congruent outcomes, only habit enhanced goal-congruent usage and addiction had a negative impact. Overall, this study contributes to the IS literature by offering a robust conceptual framework that allows us to observe the profound differences between these superficially similar drivers of routine IT use.
Introduction
In recent years, online services have become integral elements of our lifestyle that we constantly reach for throughout the day. An exemplary case is seen in the ubiquitous use of social networking sites (SNS): Almost a third of Facebook users and a fifth of Twitter users returning to their SNS several times a day (Hampton, Goulet, Rainie, & Purcell, 2011; Thadani & Cheung, 2011). In terms of time spent on SNS, 17.3% of users spend more than 10 h a week on their preferred service, and 3.3% spend up to 25 h a week (Salaway, Caruso, & Nelson, 2008). Information systems (IS) researchers have recognized that frequent use of information technology (IT) is often habitual and involves markedly different psychological states and behavioral consequences than those that over time occur with merely continued use (Guinea & Markus, 2009; Kim, 2009; Kim & Malhotra, 2005; Limayem, Hirt, & Cheung, 2007; Polites & Karahanna, 2012). But for some users, online services such as SNS might be more an addiction than a habit. The IS discipline has already shown keen interest in both forms of the use of IT applications. In particular, Kim and Malhotra (2005) found that prior use of certain online services is a strong predictor of future use, and thus indicative of habitual tendencies. Limayem et al. (2007) similarly showed that past use strengthens habit, which eventually drives continued use at the postadoption stage. In addition, Polites and Karahanna (2012) demonstrated that habitual behavior tends to prevent IT users from adopting other applications. Several pioneering works related to IT addiction have also recently been published (Turel, Serenko, & Bontis, 2011a; Turel & Serenko, 2012). These studies paint an unequivocal picture of the harmful effects of obsessive IT use driven by addiction. Looking at mobile e-mail use among workers, Turel et al. (2011a) found that addiction increases technology-family conflict and work overload. In a similar vein, Turel, Serenko, and Giles (2011b) showed that addiction to online auctions distorts individuals’ beliefs in the perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment of IT.