نگرش های ضمنی و صریح نسبت به لکنت زبان
Abstract
1- Introduction
2- Study 1
3- Study 2
4- General discussion
References
Abstract
Purpose: Two studies assessed implicit (Study 1) and explicit (Study 2) attitudes toward stuttering and those who stutter among speech-language pathologists (SLPs). Method: In Study 1, 15 SLPs completed the Stuttering Implicit Association Test, a measure of implicit attitudes toward stuttered speech. In Study 2, 40 SLPs provided explicit attitudes about individuals who stutter, assessed via self-report ratings of an adult who stutters and one who does not. Participants also completed measures of experience with stuttering. Results: As a group, clinicians displayed negative implicit attitudes toward stuttering. Explicit attitudes toward a person who stutters were positive, albeit less positive than attitudes toward a person who does not stutter. Amount of prior exposure to stuttering among these experienced SLPs was not significantly associated with either implicit or explicit attitudes. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of evaluating both implicit and explicit attitudes toward stuttering. The finding of positive explicit attitudes but negative implicit attitudes among similar samples of SLPs underscores the need to study implicit attitudes toward stuttering. Considering only explicit attitudes could lead to incomplete conclusions about the complex nature of attitudes toward stuttering.
Introduction
In Plato’s The Republic he writes, “See human beings as though they were in an underground cave-like dwelling with its entrance, a long one, open to the light across the whole width of the cave. They are in it from childhood with their legs and necks in bonds so that they are fixed, seeing only in front of them, unable because of the bond to turn their heads all the way around.” Every day the people in the caves watch shadows that were projected on a blank wall from people moving outside the cave. Because that’s all they see, the shadows shape their entire reality. Plato’s allegory likens human perception to the shadows, a representation of experience but not direct reality. Such are the effects of our attitudes, perceptions of reality filtered through the lens of our biases and previous experiences, evaluations of people, objects, or events that are stored in memory and influence the way individuals interact with the world around them (e.g., Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). Attitudes become stigmatizing when a group of individuals is associated with negative characteristics or stereotypes, leading others to discriminate against and distance themselves from individuals belonging to the group (Goffman, 1963). Negative stereotypes tend to persist because stigmatizing attitudes are difficult to change once formed (Olson & Zanna, 1993).