دانلود مقاله سرریز تحقیق و توسعه و رقابت در بازار محصول
چکیده
مقدمه
مروری بر مطالعات پیشین
سرریزهای تحقیق و توسعه و خروجی شرکت ها
سرریزهای تحقیق و ساختار بازار
روش شناسی و مشخصات مدل
داده ها و ساخت متغیر
نتایج تجربی
پیامدهای خط مشی
نتیجه گیری
منابع
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
R&D Spillovers and Firms’ Output
R&D Spillovers and Market Structure
Methodology and Model Specifcations
Data and Variable Construction
Empirical Results
Policy Implications
Conclusion
References
چکیده
این مقاله یک چارچوب نظری ایجاد می‌کند که نشان می‌دهد رقابت در بازار محصول ممکن است بر منافع حاصل از سرریزهای تحقیق و توسعه درون صنعت تأثیر بگذارد. ما از مدل‌سازی داده‌های پانل پویا (برآورنده سیستم-GMM) برای آزمایش فرضیه خود برای جلوگیری از درون‌زایی احتمالی استفاده کرده‌ایم. تجزیه و تحلیل تجربی مبتنی بر داده‌های تابلویی شرکت‌های تولیدی هند، یافته‌های قبلی را پشتیبانی می‌کند که سرریزهای تحقیق و توسعه قابل توجهی در صنعت تولید هند وجود دارد. مهمتر از همه، یافته ها نشان می دهد که رقابت در بازار محصول ممکن است میزان سرریزهای ناشی از سرمایه گذاری های تحقیق و توسعه را تعیین کند. با این حال، نتایج به انتخاب پارامتر مورد استفاده برای اندازه گیری سطح رقابت بستگی دارد. هنگامی که از حاشیه قیمت-هزینه (PCM) استفاده می‌شود، متوجه می‌شویم که سرریزهای تحقیق و توسعه قوی‌تر در میان شرکت‌هایی که تحت رقابت کم کار می‌کنند وجود دارد. هنگامی که PCM با شاخص هرفندال-هیرشمن (HHI) جایگزین می شود، نتایج بر خلاف این است.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
The paper builds a theoretical framework suggesting that the product market competition may affect the benefits accruing to the firms from intra-industry R&D spillovers. We have used dynamic panel data modelling (system-GMM estimator) to test our hypothesis to avoid possible endogeneity. The empirical analysis based on panel data of Indian manufacturing firms supports the earlier findings that significant R&D spillovers are present in the Indian manufacturing industry. More importantly, the findings suggest that the product market competition may determine the extent of spillovers emanating from R&D investments. However, the results depend on the choice of the parameter used to measure the level of competition. When Price–Cost Margin (PCM) is used, we find that stronger R&D spillovers are present among the firms operating under low competition. The results are contrary to this when PCM is replaced by the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI).
Introduction
Innovations, famously known as the ‘engine of growth’, are generally the outcomes of eforts or investments intended to generate knowledge. Although frms try to restrict newly generated knowledge to themselves (by patenting or not disclosing it) to fully reap its commercial benefts, yet it may not be entirely possible in practice. A part of the created knowledge leaks out in the form of externalities and the resulting benefts may accrue to the rival frms. The benefts accruing to rival frms, through externalities, are generally referred to as knowledge spillovers. The signifcance of knowledge spillovers has widely been discussed and empirically tested in the endogenous growth theory (Bayoumi et al. 1996; Coe and Helpman 1993; Grossman and Helpman 1990, 1994) Though there may be several sources of knowledge spillovers, here we are considering the ones originating from the R&D investments of the frms.
Conclusion
Spillovers are considered important for the growth of an economy. The empirical literature fnds R&D spillovers as one of the important determinants of growth and technological improvement in various countries. Spillover coefcients are consistently and signifcantly comparable to the frm’s own R&D investments in several studies done across the world. Our model shows similar outcomes. We found robust evidence about the presence of strong R&D spillovers in Indian manufacturing industries during 2001–2018. Additionally, we observe the presence of spillovers in the context of product market competition. Our results indicate that the magnitude of R&D spillovers depends upon the level of market competition faced by the frms. However, contrasting results have been found when diferent indicators of competition are used (PCM and HHI). We argue that the variation among the results may be because of the varied impact of overall price competition and competition measured by domestic market share.