دانلود مقاله قانون حفاظت در قطب جنوب و اقیانوس جنوبی
چکیده
مقدمه
نظام معاهده قطب جنوب و تکامل قوانین مربوط به حفاظت از محیط زیست
تحلیل و بحث
یادداشت
منابع
Abstract
Introduction
The Antarctic Treaty System and the evolution of law relating to environmental protection and conservation
Analysis and discussion
Notes
References
چکیده
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توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
The Antarctic Treaty System provides the corpus of law that governs the obligations of its Parties to protect and conserve the Antarctic environment. The System consists principally of the Antarctic Treaty (the Treaty), the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CAMLR Convention), and the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Environmental Protocol). The Antarctic Treaty establishes the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting – the body that makes decisions under the provisions of the Treaty and Environmental Protocol. The CAMLR Convention establishes the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) – its decision-making body. Together, these two international bodies are responsible for the modern-day conservation and environmental management regimes for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. This paper looks at the scope of law developed under the Antarctic Treaty System and its evolution; and at the interaction between the different components of the Antarctic Treaty System. The paper also forecasts some of the future challenges to conservation and environmental protection in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean.
Introduction
Management of the human presence in the Antarctic region emerged from an era of significant international scientific cooperation within the tense back drop of the Cold War and the proliferation of armaments elsewhere around the globe. Concurrently, the Antarctic region had experienced a rapid expansion of whaling and the near extirpation of the great whales, following the decimation of seals in the previous century.
The Antarctic Treaty System was consolidated in a spirit of maintaining cooperation and harmony in the region, with science at its base, and restoring and conserving ecosystems in the harshest region of the globe.
Results and analyses
While the Antarctic Treaty (1959) resolved regional geopolitical tensions over sovereignty and potential militarisation, the Antarctic Treaty Parties soon turned their attention to emerging environmental matters. A significant consistent and unifying thread in the evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System has been the pre-emptive development of international law to address concerns about the environment. The Agreed Measures (ATCM 1964) were developed at the third meeting of the Consultative Parties – only three years after the Treaty came into force. The significance of the Agreed Measures was to embed conservation and environmental protection in the decision-making processes of the Treaty in its very early stages. The major international instruments subsequently developed within the Antarctic Treaty system all had a focus on conservation and environmental management (including the Minerals Convention [CRAMRA 1988]).