دانلود مقاله ذهن انگیزی اوتیسم و اختلال بیش فعالی-کم توجهی
چکیده
مقدمه
روش ها
پردازش داده ها
تجزیه و تحلیل آماری
نتایج
تفاوت های منطقه ای
بحث
نتیجه گیری
مراجع
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Data processing
Statistical analysis
Results
Regional differences
Discussion
Conclusions
References
چکیده
پیش‌زمینه
اوتیسم و اختلال بیش‌فعالی نقص توجه (ADHD) شرایط عصبی رشدی ناهمگن با نوروبیولوژی زیربنایی پیچیده هستند که هنوز به خوبی شناخته نشده‌اند. علی‌رغم تداخل ارائه‌ها و شیوع سوگیری جنسی، اوتیسم و ADHD به ندرت با هم مطالعه می‌شوند و تفاوت‌های جنسی اغلب نادیده گرفته می‌شوند. مدلسازی جمعیت، که اغلب به عنوان مدلسازی هنجاری از آن یاد می‌شود، چارچوبی واحد برای مطالعه واگرایی‌های سنی و جنسی خاص در رشد مغز فراهم می‌کند.
روش‌ها
در اینجا ما از مدلسازی جمعیت و مجموعه داده‌های تصویربرداری عصبی چند سایتی (N = 4255 پس از کنترل کیفیت) برای توصیف آناتومی قشر مرتبط با اوتیسم و ADHD استفاده کردیم، که در مقایسه با مدل‌های میانگین رشد مغز بر اساس نمونه‌ای متشکل از 75000 نفر مقایسه شد. ما همچنین تفاوت‌های جنسیتی و سنی، رابطه با ویژگی‌های اوتیستیک را بررسی کردیم و وقوع همزمان اوتیسم و ADHD (اوتیسم + ADHD) را بررسی کردیم.
نتایج
ما علائم عصبی آناتومیک قوی هر دو اوتیسم و ADHD را مشاهده کردیم. به طور کلی، افراد اوتیستیک ضخامت و حجم قشری بیشتر را نشان دادند که در قشر گیجگاهی فوقانی موضعی بود، در حالی که افراد مبتلا به ADHD افزایش بیشتری را در ضخامت قشر مغز نشان دادند، اما حجم و سطح قشر کمتری را در بیشتر قشر مغز نشان دادند. گروه اوتیسم + ADHD یک الگوی منحصر به فرد از افزایش گسترده در ضخامت قشر مغز و کاهش مشخص در سطح را نشان داد. ما همچنین شواهدی پیدا کردیم که نشان می‌دهد جنسیت نوروآناتومی اوتیسم را تعدیل می‌کند، اما نه ADHD، و یک تعامل سنی با تشخیص فقط برای ADHD.
نتیجه گیری
این نتایج نشان‌دهنده تفاوت‌های قشری متمایز در اوتیسم و ADHD است که به‌طور متفاوتی تحت تأثیر سن، جنس و الگوهای بالقوه منحصربه‌فرد مرتبط با همزمان آن‌ها قرار می‌گیرد.
Abstract
Background
Autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions with complex underlying neurobiology that is still poorly understood. Despite overlapping presentation and sex-biased prevalence, autism and ADHD are rarely studied together and sex differences are often overlooked. Population modeling, often referred to as normative modeling, provides a unified framework for studying age-specific and sex-specific divergences in brain development.
Methods
Here, we used population modeling and a large, multisite neuroimaging dataset (N = 4255 after quality control) to characterize cortical anatomy associated with autism and ADHD, benchmarked against models of average brain development based on a sample of more than 75,000 individuals. We also examined sex and age differences and relationship with autistic traits and explored the co-occurrence of autism and ADHD.
Results
We observed robust neuroanatomical signatures of both autism and ADHD. Overall, autistic individuals showed greater cortical thickness and volume that was localized to the superior temporal cortex, whereas individuals with ADHD showed more global increases in cortical thickness but lower cortical volume and surface area across much of the cortex. The co-occurring autism+ADHD group showed a unique pattern of widespread increases in cortical thickness and certain decreases in surface area. We also found that sex modulated the neuroanatomy of autism but not ADHD, and there was an age-by-diagnosis interaction for ADHD only.
Conclusions
These results indicate distinct cortical differences in autism and ADHD that are differentially affected by age and sex as well as potentially unique patterns related to their co-occurrence.
Introduction
Neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are the products of altered neurodevelopmental trajectories (1), but their specific neurobiological underpinnings remain poorly understood. Both display significant variability in trajectory, associated traits, and neurobiology (2–8), which can hamper efforts to better understand these conditions. Sex and gender modulations of presentation, prevalence and neuroanatomy (9–15), and clinical and aetiological overlap (16–19), add complexity. Importantly, most studies have been based on male-dominant samples and might not be representative (15).
One of the most commonly reported findings is increased total brain volume in young autistic children (20–22), although evidence suggests this might only hold true for a subset (23–25), and for boys (26,27). Increased cortical thickness is often associated with autism (28–31), although reductions have been reported (32,33), as well as alterations in cortical surface area and volume (34–36). Alterations, including both increases and decreases, have been reported in the superior temporal gyrus, inferior and prefrontal cortex, sensory and motor regions (29–38), cerebellum, and subcortex (39–42), and appear to be moderated by age, sex, and co-occurring conditions or traits (31,43–48). Complementary work has suggested that multiple subgroups with distinct patterns of neuroanatomical alterations and clinical characteristics exist (40,48–50). Sex differences, in particular, have been reported in multiple cortical measures and associations (31,44, 51, 52, 53–57).
Results
We observed robust neuroanatomical signatures of both autism and ADHD. Overall, autistic individuals showed greater cortical thickness and volume that was localized to the superior temporal cortex, whereas individuals with ADHD showed more global increases in cortical thickness but lower cortical volume and surface area across much of the cortex. The co-occurring autism+ADHD group showed a unique pattern of widespread increases in cortical thickness and certain decreases in surface area. We also found that sex modulated the neuroanatomy of autism but not ADHD, and there was an age-by-diagnosis interaction for ADHD only.