شاخص های تنوع زیستی و حسابداری
Abstract
1-Introduction
2-Biodiversity: valuation and reporting issues
3-GRI Guidelines to Biodiversity reporting and Indicators
4-Biodiversity Indicators: a tentative integration for Protected Areas
5-Discussion and conclusions
References
Abstract
According to the Convention on Biological Diversity, biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. The key value of biodiversity lies in its role in ensuring the functioning of ecosystems and their ability to provide services to humans and other living organisms that comprise them. For that reason, maintaining a sufficient degree of biodiversity is the key to the continued delivery of essential ecosystem services and the need to ensure the conservation of biological diversity is now widely accepted. In spite of this global sentiment, there is not a national or international convergence towards a framework to report to different stakeholders’ groups the performance of organizations like protected areas and national parks, in terms of their biodiversity and the conservation activities they are achieving. After describing the concept of biodiversity, its value and the information needs of the community related to it, the main purpose of the paper is to propose a theoretical and systemic framework for its reporting by public sector organizations established for the protection of the natural capital, by means of some specific indicators deduced mainly by the literature concerning biological sciences. Following the GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) guidelines, these indicators, interpreted in terms of KPI (Key Performance Indicators), should lead to an increase in the transparency and in the accountability of Protected Areas.
Introduction
The term biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain it. Biodiversity includes not only species we consider rare, threatened, or endangered, but every living thing —even organisms we still know little about, such as microbes, fungi, and invertebrates. The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit defined “biological diversity” as “the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, ‘inter alia’, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems”. This definition is used in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Biodiversity is under increasing pressure. Habitats available to wildlife have undergone dramatic modifications, and significant biodiversity has already been lost over modern times. In order to counter global biodiversity loss and consequent impacts on human well-being, there have been several recent high-profile international political commitments to improve biodiversity conservation. These have mainly consisted of goal setting, in the form of conservation targets to which governments, decision-makers, and the international community are committed; the most notable example of which are the targets set by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD; Convention on Biological Diversity, 2011). However, because of the complexity of biological systems, and a lack of long-term biodiversity data, nations are hampered not only in assessing progress towards such targets, but also in developing appropriate policy and legislative responses to reverse biodiversity declines.