دانلود مقاله دورکاری در زمان کووید 19 در هلند
چکیده
1. مقدمه
2. روش شناسی
3. ویژگی های دورکاری
4. طبقه بندی انواع دورکار
5. بحث
6. نتیجه گیری و پیشنهادات
منابع
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Teleworker characteristics
4. Classification of teleworker types
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and recommendations
Acknowledgements
Author contributions
References
چکیده
با ورود کووید 19 به هلند در بهار 2020 و شروع "قرنطینه هوشمند"، زندگی روزمره به شدت تغییر کرد. از جمعیت شاغل خواسته شد تا حد امکان از راه دور کار کنند. با این حال، همه شغل مناسبی برای دورکاری نداشتند یا دورکاری را دوست نداشتند. از منظر تحرک، دورکاری وسیله مناسبی برای کاهش سفر در نظر گرفته شد. حتی پس از همه‌گیری، می‌تواند فشار را بر سیستم تحرک در ساعات اوج کاهش (ادامه) کاهش دهد و در نتیجه کارایی و سطح خدمات خدمات حمل و نقل را بهبود بخشد. علاوه بر این، می تواند اثرات خارجی حمل و نقل مانند انتشار گازهای گلخانه ای و ناامنی را کاهش دهد. تأثیر ساختاری دورکاری فرصت ها و چالش هایی را برای برنامه ریزی و عملیات حمل و نقل عمومی ارائه می دهد. هدف این مطالعه درک بهتر دورکاری در طول و بعد از COVID-19 در بین مسافران قطار، برای حمایت از اپراتورها و مقامات در سیاست گذاری و طراحی آنها است. ما رفتار دورکاری، نگرش نسبت به دورکاری و اهداف آینده را از طریق یک مجموعه داده های طولی مطالعه می کنیم. با استفاده از یک تحلیل خوشه‌ای کلاس نهفته، ما شش نوع دورکاری را شناسایی کردیم که از نظر فراوانی دورکاری، نگرش نسبت به دورکاری، نیات به آینده، جمعیت‌شناسی اجتماعی و سیاست کارفرما متفاوت است. از نظر تمایل به دورکاری در آینده، ما سه گروه را متمایز می کنیم: گروه تمایل به دورکاری بالا (71%)، گروه کم تمایل به دورکاری (16%)، و گروهی که کمترین تأثیر را بر خود دارند. (12%). انتظار می رود افرادی که تمایل بالایی دارند تغییرات پایداری در الگوهای سفر خود داشته باشند، جایی که به ویژه حمل و نقل عمومی تحت تأثیر قرار می گیرد. برای این گروه، سیاستی لازم است تا اطمینان حاصل شود که دورکاری چه زمانی (چه روزها) و در کجا (جغرافیایی) انجام می شود، به طوری که اپراتورهای حمل و نقل عمومی بتوانند خدمات خود را بهتر برنامه ریزی و اجرا کنند. برای کسانی که تمایل کمی دارند، ضروری است که دولت ابزارهایی را در اختیار شرکت ها (به ویژه در آموزش و بخش حیاتی) قرار دهد تا بتوانند برای دورکاری (بیشتر در طول 2 و همچنین پس از همه گیری) آمادگی بهتری داشته باشند. از طرف دیگر، کارفرمایان باید از کارکنان خود حمایت بیشتری کنند، به طوری که آنها با همکاران خود در تماس باشند و تمرکز و بهره وری آنها افزایش یابد.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
With the arrival of COVID-19 in the Netherlands in Spring 2020 and the start of the “intelligent lockdown”, daily life changed drastically. The working population was urged to telework as much as possible. However, not everyone had a suitable job for teleworking or liked teleworking. From a mobility perspective, teleworking was considered a suitable means to alleviate travel. Even after the pandemic it can (continue to) reduce pressure on the mobility system during peak hours, thereby improving efficiency and level of service of transport services. Additionally, this could reduce transport externalities, such as emissions and unsafety. The structural impact from teleworking offers opportunities, but also challenges for the planning and operations of public transport. The aim of this study is to better understand teleworking during and after COVID-19 among train travellers, to support operators and authorities in their policy making and design. We study the telework behaviour, attitude towards teleworking, and future intentions through a longitudinal data collection. By applying a latent class cluster analysis, we identified six types of teleworkers, varying in their frequency of teleworking, attitude towards teleworking, intentions to the future, socio-demographics and employer policy. In terms of willingness-to-telework in the future, we distinguish three groups: the high willingness-to-telework group (71%), the low willingness-to-telework group (16%), and the least-impacted self-employed (12%). Those with high willingness are expected to have lasting changes in their travel patterns, where especially public transport is impacted.
Introduction
COVID-19 first appeared in the Netherlands on the 27th of February 2020. On March 12th, the government drastically intervened and imposed an “intelligent lockdown” (Antonides and van Leeuwen, 2020). In this lockdown people were urged to stay at home as much as possible. This meant that among others schools were closed, people had to telework as much as possible (i.e. working from home), public transport operations were reduced (people were advised not to use public transport), and restaurants and bars were closed (de Haas et al., 2020). The large difference with lockdowns like imposed in e.g. France and Germany, is that people were still allowed to be outside and move around. All in all, these measures resulted in large changes in people’s daily life.
For the working population, the intelligent lockdown resulted in a large adjustment: from working in office to teleworking as much as possible. Before the COVID-19 pandemic one in three employed people teleworked occasionally, with only 6% doing this almost full-time (Hamersma et al., 2020). With this, the Netherlands ranks second (after Sweden) in the European Union in terms of the share of employees that telework (Sostero et al., 2020). During the intelligent lockdown approximately 45–56% of the working population teleworked, where many did this full-time (Hamersma et al., 2020). Not every job is equally suitable for teleworking, as some professions require interaction with people (e.g. cashiers in supermarket, nurses in hospitals, and plumbers in customer’s houses) (Sostero et al., 2020). In the Netherlands, the largest switch towards teleworking was found among the working population that is highly educated and/or commuted by public transport (Hamersma et al., 2020). Due to this switch towards teleworking and the advice of the government against using public transport, public transport use decreased significantly (Antonides and van Leeuwen, 2020).
Conclusions and recommendations
This paper presents the findings of an investigation into teleworking during COVID-19. The sudden changes and adaptations that were required of the working population to telework as much as possible, resulted in a suboptimal situation for several people. In this study, longitudinal data of train travelling teleworkers in times of COVID-19 is used to investigate differences and similarities among the population in terms of attitude towards teleworking, frequency of teleworking and intentions related to teleworking after the pandemic has ended. We apply a latent class cluster analysis to identify six different types of teleworkers: ‘enthusiastic and always’, ‘positive and partially’, ‘neutral, new, and frequently’, ‘forced and done with’, and ‘indifferent and occasional’. These six classes differ largely from one another. We can classify these based on their willingness-to-telework: the high willingness-to-telework group (71% of the teleworking train passenger population), the low willingness-to-telework group (16%) and the self-employed (12%). The first group largely work for organisations that are prepared for teleworking and have a job, personality, and home situation that fits teleworking. This group also experienced the biggest impact on their travel patterns, and due to their intentions to telework more often after the pandemic, it will also affect their future travel patterns most.