نکات برجسته
چکیده
کلید واژه ها
1. مقدمه
2. مطالعات مربوطه
2.1. رشد اقتصادی و نقش نهادها
2.2. پیامدهای اقتصادی توانمندسازی زنان
3. استدلال
3.1. بازنمایی سیاسی توصیفی
3.2. آزادی انتخاب
3.3. صدا
4. داده ها و مشخصات مدل معیار
4.1. متغیرهای مستقل
4.2. متغیرهای وابسته
4.3. مشخصات معیار و کنترل ها
5. تحلیل تجربی
5.1. تحلیل اصلی: توانمندسازی سیاسی زنان و رشد اقتصادی
5.2. تست های استحکام
5.3. ارزیابی ناهمگونی بالقوه در رابطه
5.4. توانمندسازی سیاسی زنان و تغییرات تکنولوژیکی
6. نتیجه گیری
منابع
Highlights
Abstract
Keywords
1. Introduction
2. Relevant literatures
2.1. Economic growth, and the role of institutions
2.2. Economic consequences of women’s empowerment
3. Argument
3.1. Descriptive political representation
3.2. Freedom of choice
3.3. Voice
4. Data and benchmark model specification
4.1. Independent variables
4.2. Dependent variables
4.3. Benchmark specification and controls
5. Empirical analysis
5.1. Main analysis: Women’s political empowerment and economic growth
5.2. Robustness tests
5.3. Assessing potential heterogeneity in the relationship
5.4. Women’s political empowerment and technological change
6. Conclusion
Declaration of Competing Interest
Acknowledgements
Supplementary data
References
چکیده
ما بررسی میکنیم که آیا و چگونه توانمندسازی سیاسی زنان با تغییرات تکنولوژیک، محرک اصلی رشد اقتصادی بلندمدت مرتبط است یا خیر. ما استدلال میکنیم که سه جنبه توانمندسازی - بازنمایی توصیفی، حمایت از آزادیهای مدنی و مشارکت جامعه مدنی - تغییرات تکنولوژیکی و در نتیجه رشد اقتصادی را از طریق (الف) افزایش تعداد و تنوع ایدههای جدید معرفی شده در اقتصاد و (ب) بهبود انتخاب پیش میبرد. از ایده های کارآمدتر با استفاده از دادههای 182 کشور و 221 سال، مفاهیم مختلفی را از استدلال خود آزمایش میکنیم. توانمندسازی سیاسی زنان رابطه مثبتی با رشد اقتصادی بعدی دارد. این رابطه در مشخصات مدل های مختلف و در هنگام محاسبه عوامل مخدوش کننده بالقوه وجود دارد. سه مؤلفه فرعی توانمندسازی نیز به صورت جداگانه با رشد مرتبط هستند، اگرچه نه به شدت مفهوم تجمیع شده. این رابطه در زمینه های مختلف حفظ می شود، اما برای کشورهای "غیر غربی" و در دوره های زمانی قبلی واضح تر است. ما همچنین شواهدی پیدا کردیم که توانمندسازی سیاسی زنان باعث افزایش تغییرات تکنولوژیکی میشود.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
We investigate whether and how women’s political empowerment relates to technological change, the main driver of long-term economic growth. We argue that three aspects of empowerment – descriptive representation, civil liberties protection, and civil society participation – advance technological change and thereby economic growth through (a) increasing the number and variability of new ideas introduced in the economy and (b) improving the selection of more efficient ideas. Drawing on data from 182 countries and 221 years, we test various implications from our argument. Women’s political empowerment is positively related to subsequent economic growth. This relationship persists across various model specifications and when accounting for different potential confounders. The three sub-components of empowerment are also, individually, related to growth, although not as strongly as the aggregated concept. The relationship is retained across different contexts, but is clearer for ‘‘Non-Western” countries and in earlier time periods. We also find evidence that women’s political empowerment enhances technological change.
Introduction
Technology and innovation are often associated with masculinity, with women being largely invisible both as users of technology and creators of change (Lie, 1995; Finson, 2002). Yet, history is filled with women who have defied this traditional understanding and devoted their lives to innovation and creative activities, contributing to the development of society. In The Forgotten Women, Tsjeng (2018) portrays the successes but also hardships that women innovators have faced throughout history, being excluded from universities and academic societies, forced to resign as scientists after marriage, or having their achievements credited to male collaborators (pp. 14–16). Gendered discrimination in science and innovation is not unique, but has, historically, mirrored exclusion of women and discriminatory practices more generally, both in political life and the wider economy. What would the world look like if women did not face these kinds of exclusion and discrimination? We contribute to answering this question by focusing on the potential benefits from women political empowerment on technological change and, as a further consequence, economic growth.
Conclusion
We have argued that political institutions that enhance key aspects of women’s political empowerment – pertaining to the representation, voice, and active participation of women in politics and civil society – influence a country’s rate of technological change. Such empowerment should enhance technological change both through affecting the variety of new ideas introduced into the economy as well as the selection of more efficient ideas. Since technological change, broadly defined, is the key ‘‘immediate determinant” of long-term economic growth, we also anticipate that WPE enhances economic development.