دانلود مقاله هزینه نظامی و کیفیت زندگی در آسه آن
چکیده
مقدمه
مروری بر مطالعات پیشین
آمار مخارج نظامی و کیفیت زندگی
مدل، داده ها و روش
نتایج و بحث
نتیجه گیری و پیامدها
منابع
Abstract
Introduction
Literature review
Statistics on military expenditures and quality of life
Model, data and methodology
Results and discussions
Conclusions and implications
References
چکیده
هدف
بهبود کیفیت زندگی توده ها هدف اصلی همه سیاستگذاران کشورهای توسعه یافته و در حال توسعه است. با این حال، عوامل تعیین کننده بهبود کیفیت زندگی در ادبیات تجربی به خوبی بررسی نشده اند. از این رو این پژوهش سعی کرده است با تمرکز بر هزینه های نظامی، عوامل تعیین کننده کیفیت زندگی را شناسایی کند.
طراحی/روش/رویکرد
داده‌های تابلویی از سال 1990 تا 2017 از منابع معتبر بین‌المللی برای کشورهای عضو انجمن کشورهای جنوب شرقی آسیا (آسه‌آن) جمع‌آوری شده است و از تکنیک‌های اقتصادسنجی مناسب برای برآورد مدل‌های طراحی‌شده استفاده می‌شود.
یافته ها
نتایج نشان می دهد که هزینه های نظامی بر کیفیت زندگی کشورهای عضو آسه آن تأثیر منفی و معناداری داشته است. به همین ترتیب، نرخ تورم نیز بر کیفیت زندگی تأثیر منفی گذاشته است. از نظر بزرگی، تأثیر منفی نرخ تورم بر کیفیت زندگی بیش از تأثیر مخارج نظامی بوده است. از سوی دیگر، باز بودن تجارت، درآمد سرانه، شهرنشینی و هزینه های دولتی نقش مثبت و قابل توجهی در بهبود کیفیت زندگی در منطقه آسه آن ایفا کرده است. علاوه بر این، مشخص شد که تأثیر مثبت درآمد سرانه بر کیفیت زندگی در بین سایر عوامل تعیین‌کننده بالاترین است.
اصالت/ارزش
این مطالعه شواهد جامعی در مورد رابطه بین هزینه های نظامی و کیفیت زندگی در زمینه آسه آن ارائه کرد. در نتیجه، اقتصادهای عضو آسه آن از نتایج این مطالعه سود زیادی خواهند برد.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
Purpose
Improving the quality of life of the masses is the prime objective of all policymakers of both developed and developing countries. However, the determinants of improved quality of life are not well explored in the empirical literature. This study has, therefore, tried to identify the determinants of quality of life by focusing on military expenditures.
Design/methodology/approach
Panel data from 1990 to 2017 are collected from internationally reliable sources for the Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN hereafter) member countries, and suitable econometric techniques are employed to estimate the designed models.
Findings
The results show that military expenditures have affected the quality of life of the ASEAN member countries both negatively and significantly. Similarly, the inflation rate has also negatively affected the quality of life. In terms of magnitude, the negative impact of the inflation rate on quality of life has exceeded than the impact of military expenditures. On the other hand, trade openness, per capita income, urbanization and government expenditures have played a positive and significant role in improving the quality of life in the ASEAN region. Moreover, it is found that the positive impact of per capita income on quality of life is highest among other determinants.
Originality/value
This study provided comprehensive evidence about the relationship between military expenditures and quality of life in the ASEAN context. Consequently, the ASEAN member economies will benefit a lot from the results of this study.
Introduction
Military expenditures have been on the rise both in the developed and developing countries during the last few decades especially after 9/11. Military expenditures were estimated to have been $1822 billion in 2018 which was 2.6% higher as compared to 2017 (SIPRI, 2019). Similarly, in 2018, military expenditures were 2.1% of global GDP. Compared to 1998 post.
cold war, global military spending has been increased by 76 which is indeed a huge increase. Archer and Willi (2012) analyzed statistics on military expenditures for the year 2010 and reported that they were 12.7 times more than official development assistance (ODA), 604 times higher than the UN budget for peace and security, development, human rights, humanitarian affairs and international law and 2,508 times higher than the total expenditures of the UN International disaster and non-proliferation organization. A significant amount of resources was channeled toward military expenditures from the national exchequers especially by the developing countries in order to develop their armed forces and hence protect themselves from terrorism, extremism and foreign aggressions.
Conclusions and implications
This paper was aimed to provide comprehensive empirical evidence about the relationship between military expenditures and quality of life. Panel data for the period 1990–2017 are taken from Penn World Tables, UNDP and WDI for ASEAN member economies. The collected data are utilized by employing relevant econometric tools in order to estimate models and obtain results.
H1. Military expenditures are negatively related to the quality of life
H2. inflation rate is negatively related to the quality of life
H3. Trade openness is positively related to the quality of life
H4. Per capita income is positively related to the quality of life
H5. Urbanization is positively related to the quality of life
H6. Government expenditures are positively related to the quality of life