دانلود مقاله فردگرایی و حقوق اقتصادی زنان
چکیده
مقدمه
داده ها
نتایج
پرداختن به درون زایی: تحلیل متغیر ابزاری
فردگرایی چگونه بر حقوق اقتصادی زنان تأثیر می گذارد؟
آیا فرهنگ و نهادها در تعامل هستند؟
نتیجه گیری
منابع
Abstract
Introduction
Data
Results
Addressing endogeneity: instrumental variable analysis
How does individualism affect women's economic rights?
Do culture and institutions interact?
Conclusion
References
چکیده
فردگرایی با تأکید بر آزادی شخصی و تعیین سرنوشت همراه است، ارزش هایی که حمایت از هنجارهای مردسالارانه را کاهش می دهد و برابری جنسیتی را افزایش می دهد. در اینجا، ما بررسی می‌کنیم که آیا فردگرایی بر حقوق اقتصادی زنان، یک عامل تعیین‌کننده نهادی کلیدی فرصت‌های اقتصادی موجود برای زنان، تأثیر می‌گذارد یا خیر. ما شواهدی از ارتباط معنادار اقتصادی و آماری بین فردگرایی و سطح واقعی حقوق اقتصادی زنان ارائه می‌کنیم. این نتیجه برای کنترل های مختلف، از جمله درآمد سرانه، پیشرفت تحصیلی زنان، تولید نفت، عوامل تاریخی تعیین کننده فرهنگ مردسالاری، و کیفیت نهادهای حقوقی و سیاسی، قوی است. علاوه بر این، ما شواهدی را ارائه می‌دهیم که این ارتباط سببی است، با تکیه بر ابزارهایی که با انگیزه نقش آب و هوا و بیماری در تکامل فرهنگی ایجاد می‌شوند. در نهایت، ما نشان می‌دهیم که تأثیر فردگرایی بر حقوق اقتصادی زنان در کشورهای دموکراتیک و قانون عرفی بزرگ‌تر شده است، و نشان می‌دهد که دموکراسی‌ها و سیستم‌های حقوق عرفی ترجیحات فرهنگی را به نتایج قانونی هدایت می‌کنند.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
Individualism is associated with an emphasis on personal liberty and self-determination, values that reduce support for patriarchal norms and increase gender equality. Here, we investigate whether individualism affects women's economics rights, a key institutional determinant of the economic opportunities available to women. We provide evidence of an economically and statistically significant association between individualism and the de facto level of women's economic rights. This result is robust to a variety of controls, including per capita income, women's educational attainment, oil production, historical determinants of patriarchal culture, and the quality of legal and political institutions. In addition, we present evidence that this association is causal, drawing on instruments motivated by roles of climate and disease in cultural evolution. Finally, we show that individualism's influence on women's economic rights is magnified in democratic and common law countries, suggesting that democracies and common law systems channel cultural preferences into legal outcomes.
Introduction
Women’s economic rights reflect the presence and enforcement of laws that affect women’s ability to work, receive compensation, start a business, and control assets. Quantifying gendered laws across countries, Hyland et al. (2020) document that gender equality before the law associates with higher female labor force participation rates and a smaller wage gap between men and women. Women, however, currently enjoy equal economic rights with men in only eight countries (Hyland et al., 2020). In this paper, we explore if countries with more individualistic values grant women greater economic rights. Restricting women’s rights and freedoms has significant economic and social consequences (Duflo, 2005; Sinha et al., 2007). For example, limitations on women’s labor rights, including gendered employment laws, decreases female labor force participation and entrepreneurship, and increases the gender wage gap (Htun et al., 2019; Islam et al., 2019; Malta et al., 2019; Amin and Islam, 2015; Gonzales et al., 2015; Zveglich and Rodgers, 2003; Ogloblin, 1999, 2005). Similarly, increasing women’s property rights increases female labor supply (Hallward-Driemeier and Gajigo, 2015; Heath and Tan, 2019), raises innovation rates (Kahn, 1996), and alters investment risk preferences (Koudijs and Salisbury, 2020; Koudijs et al., 2021).
Conclusion
We advance and empirically support the hypothesis that individualism is an important determinant of women’s economic rights. This association is robust to controls for the level economic development, key determinants of the level women’s economic activity, proxies for patriarchal culture, and the use of IV techniques to address the endogeneity and measurement of individualism. We interpret our findings as support for the idea that individualist societies are more likely to view and value women as autonomous individuals, with a legitimate claim to independent goals and lives, rather than simply as members of various collectives. As a result, these countries are more likely to adopt legal structures that enhance and support women’s economic rights.