دانلود مقاله نابرابری درآمد و تخصیص سرمایه انسانی
چکیده
مقدمه
مروری بر مطالعات پیشین
فرضیه تحقیق
طرح پژوهش
تحلیل تجربی
نتیجه گیری، محدودیت ها و توصیه های خط مشی
منابع
Abstract
Introduction
Literature review
Research hypothesis
Research design
Empirical analysis
Conclusion, limitation and policy recommendations
References
چکیده
این مطالعه رابطه بین نابرابری درآمد و تخصیص سرمایه انسانی در چین را مورد بحث قرار می دهد. ما نابرابری درآمد را به نابرابری درآمدی بین بخشی (دولتی در مقابل غیر دولتی) و نابرابری درآمد بین نسلی طبقه بندی می کنیم. بر اساس مفروضات نظری مرتبط و آزمون‌های تجربی با استفاده از داده‌های منطقه‌ای موجود، متوجه می‌شویم که نابرابری درآمد از سه طریق بر تخصیص سرمایه انسانی منطقه‌ای در چین تأثیر می‌گذارد. اول، نابرابری درآمد بین بخشی تأثیر منفی بر عدم تطابق سرمایه انسانی منطقه ای دارد (به عنوان مثال، ناسازگاری بین الزامات مهارت شغلی و مهارت های واقعی کارگران). دوم، نابرابری درآمد بین نسلی به طور مثبت بر عدم تطابق سرمایه انسانی منطقه ای تأثیر می گذارد. سوم، اثر متقابل نابرابری درآمد بین بخشی و بین نسلی بر عدم تطابق سرمایه انسانی تأثیر منفی دارد. بنابراین، ما تفاوت هایی را در تأثیر خالص نابرابری درآمد بین بخشی و بین نسلی بر عدم تطابق سرمایه انسانی در چین مشاهده می کنیم. تأثیر خالص نابرابری درآمد بین بخشی بر عدم تطابق سرمایه انسانی به طور مداوم منفی است، در حالی که تأثیر نابرابری درآمد بین نسلی بر عدم تطابق سرمایه انسانی به میزان نابرابری درآمد بین بخشی منطقه ای بستگی دارد. با این حال، عدم تعادل در توسعه منطقه‌ای چین باعث ایجاد اختلاف در رابطه بین بهبود برابری درآمد در مناطق مختلف و بهینه‌سازی تخصیص سرمایه انسانی می‌شود. بنابراین، روند تدوین سیاست های مربوطه باید منطقه ای، بلندمدت و مرحله ای باشد.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
This study discusses the relationship between income inequality and human capital allocation in China. We categorise income inequality into intersectoral (state- versus non-state owned) and intergenerational income inequality. Based on relevant theoretical assumptions and empirical tests using existing regional data, we find that income inequality influences regional human capital allocation in China in three ways. First, intersectoral income inequality has a negative impact on regional human capital mismatch (i.e., inconsistency between job skill requirements and workers' actual skills). Second, intergenerational income inequality positively affects regional human capital mismatch. Third, the interaction of intersectoral and intergenerational income inequality has a negative impact on human capital mismatch. Thus, we observe differences in the net impact of intersectoral and intergenerational income inequality on human capital mismatch in China. The net impact of intersectoral income inequality on human capital mismatch is persistently negative, while the impact of intergenerational income inequality on human capital mismatch is contingent upon the degree of regional intersectoral income inequality. However, the imbalance in China’s regional development creates discrepancies in the relationship between improvement in income equality across regions and optimisation of human capital allocation. Thus, the process of formulating relevant policies must be regional, long-term based, and phased.
Introduction
In October 2020 in China, the Fifth Plenum of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, proposing long-term targets for ‘more full and high-quality employment’ and a ‘significantly improved distribution structure’. With this, China has entered a new stage of improved growth, efficiency, and greater equality. However, human capital is centralised in state-owned sectors (Ge & Li, 2019), indicating that China’s economic outcomes may deviate from this desired path, thereby creating an adverse impact on growth (Fleisher et al., 2010; Li & Nan, 2019). The excessive distribution of human capital in state-owned sectors is a manifestation of human capital mismatch (i.e., inconsistencies between job skill requirements and workers' actual skills). In addition, excessive human capital flow into state-owned sectors aggravates rent-seeking behaviour in the employment process (Ma et al., 2017), damaging intergenerational class mobility and improvement in income equality. The current excessive allocation of human capital in state-owned sectors is hindering growth efficiency and equality in China. To analyse and clarify this situation, in-depth research is required to investigate the internal link between human capital allocation and income equality. Moreover, this has emerged as an urgent task for improving both growth efficiency and income equality in China. This study addresses the following three questions: (1) Is there an internal relationship between income inequality and human capital mismatch in China? (2) Does the relationship between these two dimensions align or conflict? (3) What is the significance of this relationship for China's social development?
Conclusion
In contrast to other studies that examined the relationship between intersectoral income inequality and human capital allocation, we separated income inequality into intersectoral and intergenerational income inequality. As a result, we measured human capital allocation based on the human capital mismatch level. We studied the relationship between income inequality and regional human capital allocation from the perspective of state-owned sectors and our conclusion differs from some existing studies.
By proposing relevant theoretical assumptions and empirical tests, we conclude that income inequality influences regional human capital allocation as follows. First, intersectoral income inequality has a direct and negative impact on the regional human capital mismatch level, whereas intergenerational income inequality has a direct and positive effect. Finally, the interaction of intersectoral and intergenerational income inequality has a negative impact on human capital mismatch. Further analysis shows differences in the net impact of intersectoral and intergenerational income inequality on human capital mismatch in China. The net impact of intersectoral income inequality on human capital mismatch is invariably negative, while the negative impact of intergenerational income inequality on human capital mismatch depends on the level of regional intersectoral income inequality.
Hypothesis 1: Intersectoral income inequality has a direct impact on human capital mismatch.
Hypothesis 2: Intergenerational income inequality has a positive and direct impact on the level of human capital mismatch.
Hypothesis 3: Intersectoral and intergenerational income inequality have a negative interactional impact on human capital mismatch.