دانلود مقاله نگرش جنسیتی نسبت به حفاظت از محیط زیست

چکیده

مقدمه

روش

نتایج

بحث

نتیجه گیری

منابع

Abstract

Introduction

Method

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

References

چکیده

     نگرش نسبت به حفاظت از محیط زیست یک جزء حیاتی در روانشناسی حفاظت از محیط زیست است. این یک گرایش روانشناختی است که با ارزیابی نگرش جنسیتی محیطی با نفع یا عدم رضایت بیان می شود. این پژوهش با هدف مقایسه سطح نگرش کارآموزان زن و مرد نسبت به حفاظت از محیط زیست بر اساس متغیرهای فردی، روانی و اجتماعی فرهنگی با استفاده از طرح پژوهشی پس از واقع انجام شد. جامعه پژوهش متشکل از کارآموزان (N=177) بود که در برنامه‌های آموزشی آنلاین سازمان‌دهی شده از 7 آوریل تا 31 می 2020 توسط مرکز علوم و فناوری کشاورزی پیشرفته (CAAST) برای کشاورزی هوشمند آب و هوا و مدیریت آب شرکت کردند. CSAWM)، MPKV، راهوری، ماهاراشترا، در طول دوره قرنطینه COVID-19. در این پژوهش از روش پیمایش آنلاین استفاده شده است. ابزار تحقیق، پرسشنامه آنلاین خوش‌طراحی و ساختار یافته با استفاده از فرم گوگل مشتمل بر دو بخش بود. بخش اول شامل 11 متغیر مستقل از ویژگی های فردی، روانی و اجتماعی-فرهنگی بود. بخش دوم شامل 17 سؤال نگرش محیطی با تمرکز بر سؤالات ساختار بسته با مقیاس پنج درجه ای لیکرت، یعنی کاملاً موافقم تا کاملاً مخالفم بود. نتایج نشان داد که سن، آموزش دریافت شده، عضویت در انجمن ها یا سازمان های زیست محیطی، دوره های تدریس شده، مدیریت پسماند و استفاده از رسانه های اجتماعی به طور قابل توجهی بر نگرش کارآموزان نسبت به حفاظت از محیط زیست تأثیر می گذارد. پاسخ دهندگان زن در مقایسه با پاسخ دهندگان مرد نگرش محیطی مطلوبی داشتند. بنابراین، مطالعه به این نتیجه رسید که مجموعه ای از عوامل بر نگرش جنسیتی کارآموزان آنلاین تأثیر می گذارد. این عوامل به تنهایی نمی توانند نگرش کارآموزان را نسبت به حفاظت از محیط زیست تغییر دهند. بر این اساس باید شرایط لازم و مناسب برای تغییر نگرش کارآموزان مرد نسبت به حفظ محیط زیست فراهم شود. حمایت پایدار برای درک مؤثر نقش جنسیت در حفاظت از محیط زیست از طریق سیاست‌های دولت، رسانه‌های اجتماعی، سیاست‌گذاران، دانشمندان، کارکنان ترویج، سازمان‌های تحقیقاتی، برنامه‌های آموزشی مختلف، مشارکت دانشجویان و اساتید در برنامه‌های پاکسازی محیط‌زیست و برنامه‌های آگاهی و غیره ضروری است.

توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.

Abstract

     Attitude towards environmental protection is a crucial component in environmental safeguard psychology. It is a psychological tendency expressed by evaluating the environmental gender attitude with favour or disfavour. This study aimed to compare the attitude level of male and female trainees towards environmental protection based on personal, psychological and sociocultural variables by using an ex post facto research design. The research population was composed of the trainees (N=177) who participated in the online training programmes organized from April 07 to May 31, 2020, by the Centre for Advanced Agricultural Science and Technology (CAAST) for Climate Smart Agriculture and Water Management (CSAWM), MPKV, Rahuri, Maharashtra, during COVID-19 lockdown period. In this study, an online survey method was used. The research instrument was a well-designed and structured online questionnaire using a Google Form consisting of two sections. The first section consisted of 11 independent variables of personal, psychological and sociocultural characteristics. The second section consisted of 17 environmental attitude questions focusing on closed structure questions with a five-point Likert scale, i.e. Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree. The results revealed that age, training received, membership of environmental societies or organizations, courses taught, waste management and social media use significantly affect the trainees’ attitudes to environment protection. The female respondents had a favourable environmental attitude when compared with the male respondents. Therefore, the study concluded that a set of factors influences the gender attitude of the online trainees. These factors alone cannot change trainees’ attitudes towards environmental protection. Accordingly, necessary and appropriate conditions should be provided to change the attitude of male trainees for environmental protection. Sustained support is necessary to efficiently understand the role of gender in environment protection through government policies, social media, policymakers, scientists, extension workers, research organizations, various training programmes, participation of students and faculty in the environmental cleanliness drive and awareness programs, etc.

Introduction

     World over, people are facing several environmental issues such as the rapid growth of industrialization, deforestation, excessive use of non-degradable substances, alarming population growth, rural areas demanding urban conveniences, endless urbanization (Li et al. 2005), excessive use of vehicles, globalization and liberalization (Davis 1998; Baykal and Baykal 2008). While humanity desires a luxurious life, it does not consider the environmental problems in its concepts, thinking, behaviour and achievements (Watson and Halse 2005; Negev et al. 2010). This approach to life urgently demands a thorough education to internalize the importance of sustainable environmental protection on a sustainable basis. Environmental safeguard is one of the goals in the sustainable development agenda (UN, 2018). It seeks an increasing commitment from the academics and policymakers (UN 2016; Baker 2016; Robinson 2004), from the environmental, economic and social perspectives (Giddings et al. 2002). Sustainable development and preservation of natural resources are possible with grassroots and local communities (Rauch 2002; Giddings et al. 2002). Nowadays, waste management problems prevail more in urban areas than in rural areas. The increasing waste disposed of without classification creates environmental pollution (Bin et al., 2019), and it is a big challenge to the sustainable development of any society (Bin et al., 2019). For proper management, in this context, a wide variety of programmes, institutional efforts, awareness activities and research are being intensively undertaken for the past few years (Huhtala 1999; Barr et al. 2001; Tonglet et al. 2004). In 2015, the total accumulation of municipal solid waste was 3270 million tons, contributing to 70% of waste production among East-Asian countries (NBSC 2016). India’s municipal solid waste (MSW) will increase significantly due to its efforts to attain an industrialized-nation status by 2020 (Gidde et al. 2008; Gupta and Arora 2016; Sahu et al. 2014; Sharholy et al. 2008). The household is one of the major sources of municipal solid waste (Rada et al., 2013). According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB 2016), urban India produced 62 Mt of MSW in 2015, or 169,864 t/day or 450 g/capita/day. About 82% (50 Mt) of MSW was collected. The remaining 18% (12 Mt) consisted of litter and air pollution. These are the major causes of environmental damage and dilute people’s immune systems. During 1947, 2001 and 2011, the urban solid waste accumulated was 31 and 48 Mt, respectively (Rawat et al., 2013; Singh et al., 2011). At this rate, the total urban MSW 165 Mt, 230 Mt and 436 Mt will be during 2030, 2041 and 2045, respectively (Annepu 2012; WtR 2014). From this perspective, the management of natural resources focusing on environmental protection must incorporate the local knowledge, experience, values and people’s perception. Therefore, waste sorting and recycling of wastewater are of utmost importance joint efforts. It can help reduce 30–40% waste, reproduce new goods and address the existing pressures on scarce water supplies (Bin et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2013). But it is not easy to understand the social environment in relation to the ecological milieu (Silva et al., 2013). However, the local communities have been living since ages with the surrounding environment, and they highly depend on the natural resources for food, fuelwood (An et al. 2002; Pote et al. 2006), medicinal herbs (Dzerefos and Witkowski 2001), honey and other products (Fabricius and Burger 1997). Therefore, they understand environmental issues better for they possess traditional ecological knowledge, which helps achieve environmental protection, biodiversity conservation (Berkes et al., 2000; Song et al. 2010), minimizing the impact on the environment (Venter et al. 2016) and coping with the degradation of natural ecosystems (Potapov et al. 2011). It is worth noting here that Environmental Attitudes (EA) are a psychological tendency expressed by evaluative responses to the natural environment with some degree of favour or disfavour (Milfont and Duckitt, 2004). Environmental attitudes are a latent construct; therefore, we cannot observe them directly. We can only infer it from overt responses (Himmelfarb, 1993). We can also use direct self-report methods or implicit measurement techniques (Krosnick, Judd, & Wittenbrink, 2005). This study seeks to determine the positive and negative attitudes of the male and female respondents who play a significant role in the conservation of the environment and adoption of eco-friendly practices with specific objectives which are: (1) to study the personal, psychological, communicational and sociocultural characteristics of the trainees of online training programs of COVID-19 lockdown period of April 07 to May 31, 2020, (2) to study and compare the attitude level of male and female trainees towards environmental protection, (3) to determine the relationship between personal, psychological, communicational and sociocultural characteristics of the trainees and attitude towards environmental protection.

Conclusions

     This research recognized the results of gender attitude towards environmental protection. Firstly, the study collected data from the participants who have attended the training programmes on environmental protection through structured online questions. This investigation produced useful information for developing an effective environmental protection plan. The results concluded that gender attitudes are significant because they affect environmental issues, environmental protection and people. Everyone, including students and faculties, has the responsibility to protect the environment. The majority of the males and females felt that green manuring is a valuable source to promote an eco-friendly environment for agricultural development and green zone surrounding due to air environment experiencing both male and females the improvement during the pandemic outbreak. During the lockdown period, people had more free time to participate in home cleanliness and social media, which increased their desire to be present online. As a result, gender attitudes changed towards environmental protection, and the protected environment would pave the way for the prevention of pandemic diseases. Basic information on gender issues and specific environmental protection measures can be obtained from social media. In this study, female respondents were more conscious about environmental protection than male respondents. There is an urgent need for qualitative studies to recognize the underlying reasons for this evaluation. The Environmental Protection Authorities and the Government should pay more attention to attitudinal changes towards environmental protection. The study also found that there is an overall impression of moderate attitude of gender towards environmental protection. There is a need to organize social activities, panel discussions, conferences and seminars for the benefit of both male and female participants to encourage high and positive gender attitudes towards environmental concern.

(1)

Men and women possess differential, personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics.

(2)

Men and women have distinctive attitudes to environmental protection.

(3)

The individual, socio-economic and psychological attributes of men and women have a significant relationship