چکیده
1. مقدمه
2. ادبیات
3. مدل
4. استراتژی های سرمایه گذاری پویا
5. تحلیل استراتژی
6. تأثیر رقابت بر سرمایه گذاری تحقیق و توسعه
7. استحکام
8. نتیجه گیری
پیوست الف. اثبات گزاره 1
مواد تکمیلی
منابع
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature
3. The model
4. Dynamic investment strategies
5. Strategy analysis
6. Effect of competition on R&D investment
7. Robustness
8. Conclusions
Appendix A. Proof of Proposition 1
Supplementary material
References
چکیده
ما استراتژیهای نوآوری بهینه بین زمانی شرکتهای تولیدی فعلی را مطالعه میکنیم که در یک بازار تثبیت شده رقابت میکنند و میتوانند خط تولید خود را از طریق نوآوری محصول گسترش دهند. شرکتها در ظرفیت تولید و سهام دانش تحقیق و توسعه سرمایهگذاری میکنند، جایی که ذخایر دانش تحقیق و توسعه و سرمایهگذاری فعلی تحقیق و توسعه، میزان خطر نوآوری را تعیین میکنند. یافتههای ما نشان میدهد که استراتژیهای تحقیق و توسعه بهینه شرکتها توسط یک تعامل ظریف بین موقعیتهای نسبی سهام دانش تحقیق و توسعه آنها و موقعیتهای نسبی فعلی آنها در بازار ایجاد شده هدایت میشود. اول، متوجه میشویم که تحت هزینههای سرمایهگذاری متقارن، رهبر دانش باید بیش از عقبمانده دانش صرف تحقیق و توسعه کند، تنها در صورتی که سهم بازار به طور قابلتوجهی کمتری در بازار ایجاد شده داشته باشد. اگر سهم بازار رهبر دانش به اندازه کافی بزرگ باشد، سرمایه گذاری بهینه آن در تحقیق و توسعه آنقدر کوچک است که نرخ نوآوری آن کمتر از عقب مانده دانش است. دوم، سرمایه گذاری بهینه در دانش تحقیق و توسعه به طور منفی تحت تأثیر ظرفیت تولید حریف در بازار مستقر است اگر رقیب هنوز نوآوری نکرده باشد. با این حال، متوجه می شویم که این اثر پس از اینکه رقیب با موفقیت محصول جدید را در بازار فرعی معرفی کرد، معکوس می شود. ثالثاً، شرکت تولیدی با هزینههای بالاتر برای تعدیل ظرفیت تولید برای محصول تاسیس شده، انگیزه بیشتری برای مشارکت در نوآوری محصول دارد و حتی ممکن است نسبت به رقیب کارآمدتر خود به سود کل با تخفیف بیشتری دست یابد.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
We study the inter-temporally optimal innovation strategies of incumbent manufacturing firms that compete in an established market and can extend their product line through product innovation. Firms invest in production capacity and R&D knowledge stock, where the R&D knowledge stock and the current R&D investment determine the hazard rate of innovation. Our findings show that the firms’ optimal R&D strategies are driven by a subtle interplay between the relative positions of their R&D knowledge stocks and their current relative positions on the established market. First, we find that under symmetric investment costs the knowledge leader should spend more on R&D than the knowledge laggard only if it has a substantially smaller market share on the established market. If the knowledge leader’s market share is sufficiently large, its optimal investment in R&D is so small that its innovation rate is lower than the knowledge laggard’s. Second, optimal investment in R&D knowledge is negatively affected by the opponent’s production capacity on the established market if the competitor has not innovated yet. However, we find that this effect is reversed after the competitor has successfully introduced the new product on the submarket. Third, the manufacturing firm with higher costs of adjusting production capacity for the established product has a higher incentive to engage in product innovation and might even achieve a higher total discounted profit than its more efficient competitor.
Introduction
A considerable fraction of product innovations in related submarkets is accomplished by established incumbents (e.g. Buensdorf, 2016, Chandy, Tellis, 2000, Franco, Sarkar, Agarwal, Echambadi, 2009, King, Tucci, 2002, Sood, Tellis, 2011). This observation raises the question how an incumbent’s optimal strategy in an R&D race depends on its strength on its established market. To illustrate, in 2010 when Apple and Samsung introduced Tablet PCs and thus created a new submarket that coexisted with the established market of portable computers, they had relatively small market shares on the Laptop market (3.4% and 2.8% respectively) compared to Hewlett Packard and Dell (18% and 12% respectively). Interestingly, HP and Dell entered the Tablet market much later in 2013.1 In the market for smartphones, Nokia, as the clear market leader in the early 2000s (market share 2005: 32.5%), introduced its first touchscreen phone in 2011, while its initially smaller competitor Samsung (market share 2005: 12.7%) introduced its first smartphone with a touchscreen in 2008. As a result, Samsung achieved a higher market share in 2012 and also exhibited strongly positive dynamics of profit in the smartphone market compared to Nokia.
Conclusions
In real-world markets, action-reaction or increasing dominance patterns of innovation can be observed. Under action-reaction, the smaller incumbent manufacturing firm in the established market becomes the innovation leader in the new market. Under increasing dominance, the dominant incumbent manufacturing firm in the established market also dominates the new market. In this paper, we develop a stochastic duopoly framework in order to highlight some of the drivers that endogenously lead to one of these patterns of innovation in equilibrium. In particular, we study the factors that determine the incentives of incumbent firms to invest in the development of a new product which extends their product range. Our dynamic setting particularly emphasizes the interplay between the firms’ relative positions in terms of their R&D knowledge stocks and their relative strengths on the market for the established product. We explicitly take into account that the adjustment of production capacities as well as the build-up of R&D knowledge are costly and take time.