دانلود مقاله دامن زدن سیاست مالی به مسائل زیست محیطی
چکیده
مقدمه
نظریه و مطالعات
مطالب و روش ها
نتایج و بحث
نتیجه گیری
منابع
Abstract
Introduction
Theory and literature
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusion
References
چکیده
در این مطالعه، ما اثرات سیاست‌های مالی بر محیط‌زیست را با داده‌های دوره فراوانی سالانه از سال 1972 تا 2017 برای کشورهایی مانند استرالیا، شیلی، فنلاند، بریتانیا و سوئد بررسی می‌کنیم. این مطالعه از آزمایش‌های ریشه واحد نسل دوم، آزمون هم‌انباشته بوت استرپ و برآوردگرهای ضریب بلندمدت مناسب برای پانل‌های ناهمگن در حال بررسی استفاده می‌کند. نتایج تجربی برآوردگرهای ضریب بلندمدت با شهود اقتصادی-محیطی و ادبیات موجود سازگار است. با این حال، از نظر سیاست مالی، این نتایج هیچ مدرکی از اثرات کاهش‌دهنده مورد انتظار بر آلودگی محیط زیست در هیچ کشوری ارائه نمی‌کند. یافته های اصلی ما نشان می دهد که سیاست درآمدی فراتر از تامین مالی مخارج دولت در این کشورها نیست. بر اساس این نتایج، ما دو مفهوم جدید را به ادبیات مالیات بر کربن پیشنهاد می کنیم. ما این مفاهیم را مالیات های جدید زیست محیطی و بدهی های زیست محیطی جهانی می نامیم. ما این نتیجه را بر این استدلال قرار می دهیم که راه حل های منطقه ای برای مشکلات جهانی ناکافی است.
توجه! این متن ترجمه ماشینی بوده و توسط مترجمین ای ترجمه، ترجمه نشده است.
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the effects of fiscal policies on the environment with annual frequency period from 1972 to 2017 data for countries such as Australia, Chile, Finland, the UK, and Sweden. This study leverages on second-generation unit root tests, bootstrap cointegrated test, and long-run coefficient estimators suitable for heterogeneous panels under review. Empirical results of the long-run coefficient estimators are consistent with economic-environmental intuition and extant literature. However, in terms of fiscal policy, these results do not provide any evidence of the expected mitigating effects on environmental pollution in any country. Our main findings show that revenue policy does not go beyond funding government expenditure in these countries. Based on these results, we propose two new concepts to the literature on carbon taxes. We call these concepts New Environmental Sin Taxes and Global Environmental Debts. We base this result on the argument that regional solutions to global problems are insufficient.
Introduction
Since the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century, the world economy has been on the rise with the increase in total production and is much more interconnected than ever before (WTO 2018). Countries rapidly industrializing with global economic growth needed more energy to get a share from this growth. The use of fossil fuels to fulfl the need for energy has created major environmental damage and climate change problems with the increase in greenhouse gas released to nature, but these negative efects have been noticed years later (CBO 2013; WMO 2020). Following industrialization, economic development increase of the world population, increasing technological innovations in recent years have led to increased demand of energy in the twenty-frst century (Ike et al. 2020).
Conclusion
In this study, we investigated the efects of fscal policies on the environment with two diferent models based on the models in the literature. Countries in our sample (Australia, Chile, Finland, the UK, and Sweden) take frst place in the implementation of carbon taxes. In econometric research, we used cointegration and long-run coefcient estimators that consider the second-generation unit root test and preliminary analysis, depending on the results of cross-section dependence and homogeneity tests.
CD test results showed that countries are more likely to be infuenced by or infuence each other, and HT tests showed that interactions were also diferent. Unit root test results, considering CD and HT, showed that series of countries were permanently afected by shocks. Cointegration tests point out that the variables in the models moved together in the long run. In another way, long-run estimation result showed that fscal policies are diferent but efective on countries’ carbon emissions. The coefcient estimation results provided no evidence of the reducing efects of fscal policies on carbon emissions. For the income policy (tax revenues), the coefcient estimation results for Finland for both models showed positive efects on CO2. Besides, the expenditure policy (government expenditure) is only signifcant for Australia in the AMG estimator and has a positive sign